Английский язык. 11 класс (О. В. Афанасьева и др.)


Stravinsky, Igor Fyodorovich



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11. Stravinsky, Igor Fyodorovich (June 17, 1882 – April 6, 1971) 
was a Russian composer, considered by many both in the West and his 
native land to be the most influential composer of 20th century music. 
In addition to the recognition he received for his compositions, he also 
achieved fame as a pianist and a conductor.
Stravinsky’s compositional career was notable for its stylistic diversity. 
He first achieved international fame with three ballets commissioned by 
the impresario Sergei Diaghilev and performed by Diaghilev’s Ballets 
Russes (Russian Ballets): The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911/revised 
in 1947), and The Rite of Spring (1913). The Rite transformed the way 
in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure; to this 
day this ballet continues to dazzle and overwhelm audiences.
After this first Russian phase he turned to neoclassicism in the 
1920s. The works from this period tended to make use of traditional 
musical forms (concerto grosso, fugue, symphony).
In the 1950s he adopted serial procedures, using the new techniques 
over the final twenty years of his life to write works that were briefer 
and of greater rhythmic and harmonic complexity than his earlier music.
He also published a number of books throughout his career. In 
his 1936 autobiography, Chronicle of My Life, Stravinsky included 
his infamous statement that “music is, by its very nature, essentially 
powerless to express anything at all.”
Stravinsky was born in Oranienbaum (renamed Lomonosov in 1948), 
Russia and brought up in St. Petersburg. His childhood, he recalled in 
his autobiography, was troublesome: “I never came across anyone who 
had any real affection for me.” His father, Fyodor Stravinsky, was a 
bass singer at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, and the young 
Stravinsky began piano lessons and later studied music theory and 
attempted some composition. In 1890, Stravinsky saw a performance of 
Tchaikovsky’s ballet The Sleeping Beauty at the Mariinsky Theatre; the 
performance, his first exposure to an orchestra, mesmerised him.


Despite his enthusiasm for music, his parents expected him to 
become a lawyer. Stravinsky enrolled to study law at the University 
of St. Petersburg in 1901, but received only a half-course diploma, in 
April 1906. Thereafter, he concentrated on music. On the advice of 
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov he decided not to enter the St. Petersburg 
Conservatoire; instead, in 1905, he began to take private tutelage from 
Rimsky-Korsakov, who became like a second father to him. In 1909, his 
Fireworks was performed in St. Petersburg, where it was heard by Sergei 
Diaghilev, the director of the Ballets Russes in Paris.
Stravinsky travelled to Paris in 1910 to attend the premiere of The 
Firebird. His family soon joined him, and decided to remain in the West 
for a time. He moved to Switzerland, where he lived until 1920, after 
which he moved to France. When World War II broke out in September, 
he set out for the United States.
At first Stravinsky took up residence in Hollywood, but he moved to 
New York in 1969. He continued to live in the United States until his 
death in 1971. Stravinsky had adapted to life in France, but moving to 
America at the age of 58 was not so easy. Nevertheless, he was drawn 
to the growing cultural life of Los Angeles, especially during World War 
II, when so many writers, musicians, composers, and conductors settled 
in the area.
In 1962, Stravinsky accepted an invitation to return to St. Petersburg 
(Leningrad) for a series of concerts. He spent more than two hours 
speaking with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, who urged him to return 
to the Soviet Union. Despite the invitation, Stravinsky remained settled 
in the West. He died at the age of 88 in New York City and was buried 
in Venice on the cemetery island of San Michele, close to the tomb of 
Diaghilev.




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