Keywords: cryogel, complexation, gold nanoparticles, catalysis, flow-through catalytic
reactor.
Кудайбергенов С.Е.*
Лаборатория инженерного профиля, Казахский национальный исследовательский
технический университет имени К.И. Сатпаева, Алматы, Казахстан
Институт полимерных материалов и технологий, Алматы, Казахстан
Физико-химические, комплексообразующие и каталитические свойства
макропористых амфотерных криогелей
В
работе
представлены
результаты
исследования
физико-химических,
комплексообразующих и каталитических свойств амфотерных криогелей макропористой
структуры, синтезированных в криоусловиях. Определены составы, значения
изоэлектрической точки, размеры пор, кинетика и степень набухания амфотерных
криогелей. Изучено комплексообразование амфотерных криогелей с ионами переходных
металлов, поверхностно-активными веществами и красителями в динамических условиях.
Показана возможность использования амфотерных криогелей с иммобилизованными
наночастицами золота в качестве проточного каталитического реактора в реакции
гидрирования п-нитрофенола и окисления дитиотреитола.
Ключевые слова: криогель, комплексообразование, наночастицы золота, катализ,
проточный каталитический реактор.
Құдайбергенов С.Е.
Қ.И. Сәтбаев атындағы Қазақ ұлттық зерттеу техникалық университеті, Инженерлі
бейіндегі зертхана Полимер материалдары және технологиялар институты
Макроторлы амфотерліk криогельдердің физико-химиялық, комплекс түзу және
каталитикалық қасиеттері
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
22
Жұмыста крио жағдайда синтезделген ірі кеуекті құрылымды амфотерлі
криогельдердің физика – химиялық, комплекс түзуші және каталитикалық қасиеттерінің
зерттеу нәтижелері ұсынылған. Амфотерлі криогельдердің құрамы, изоэлектрлік
нүктесінің мәні, кеуек өлшемі, ісіну дәрежесі және кинетикасы анықталды. Амфотерлі
криогельдердің динамикалық жағдайда ауыспалы металдар иондарымен, беттік-белсенді
заттармен және бояғыштармен комплекс түзуі зерттелді. Алтын нанобөлшектерімен
иммобилизацияланған амфотерлі криогельдерді п-нитрофенолды гидрлеу және
дитиотреитолды тотықтыру реакцияларында ағынды каталитикалық реактор ретінде
қолдану мүмкіндігі көрсетілген.
Түйін сөздер: криогель, комплекс түзу, алтын нанобөлшектері, катализ, ағынды
каталитикалық реактор.
Introduction
Cryogels are three-dimensional polymer matrices that are formed in moderately frozen
solutions of monomeric and polymeric precursors [1-3]. Last years the most attention was paid to
amphoteric nanogels [4] and microgels [5, 6]. Recently [7] the state-of the-art of amphoteric
nano-, micro- and macrogels in light of the stimuli-responsive behavior and their potential
application in nanotechnology, biotechnology and medicine was reviewed. The fundamental and
applied aspects of nano- and microgel systems together with recent developments in the
synthesis, characterization, and application were outlined in review article [8]. Morphological,
structural and adsorption properties of cryogels were reviewed by authors [9]. Comprehensive
information on the structure, properties and application of cryogels in biotechnology and
biomedicine and the pioneering articles devoted to cryogels can be found in a review [2] and
fundamental book [1]. In spite of advances in studying of linear polyampholytes, amphoteric
nano- and microgels to our knowledge there is very restricted information on macroporous
amphoteric gels of synthetic origin [10, 11].
In the present paper we report (i) the preparation protocol and characterization of
amphoteric cryogels, (ii) the complexation ability of cryogels with respect to metal ions,
surfactants, dye molecules and proteins as well as (iii) the catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles
(AuNPs) immobilized within cryogel matrix in reduction of 4-nitrophenol and oxidation of
dithiotreitol.
Synthesis of amphoteric cryogels
According to cryopolymerization concept, the freezing of aqueous solutions of monomer,
initiator and crosslinking agent results in crystallization of pure solvent (water) and accumulation
of dissolved substances in unfrozen micro-zones (Fig.1).
Figure 1 – The diagram of cryogelation. 1– polymer precursor; 2 – low-molecular-weight
materials or molecular precursor; 3 –solvent; 4 –initiator; 5 – polycrystals of freezed solvent; 6 –
unfrozen liquid microphase; 7 – polymer network of cryogel; 8 – macropores
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
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The polymerization reaction proceeds in unfrozen part of the reaction mixture. Water
crystals grow in the course of freezing and interconnections with other crystals take place until a
continuous system of porous is formed. Thawing of the system leads to formation of a
monolithic gel matrix with continuous macroporous channels filled by liquid solvent. In this way
a series of amphoteric cryogels based on acidic and basic monomers were synthesized. The
repeating structural units of amphoteric cryogels based on allylamine (AA), methacrylic acid
(MAA) and acrylamide (AAm) on the one hand and N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate
(DMAEM) and MAA on the another – are represented in Fig.2.
Figure 2 – Structural units of amphoteric cryogels derived from AA-MAA-AAm (a) and
DMAEM-MAA (b) together with swollen and dry cryogel samples (c)
Morphology of amphoteric cryogels
Cross- and longitudinal sections of dry samples show sponge-like porous structure with
pore size ranging from 50 to 200
m and interconnected channels (Fig.3).
Figure 3 – SEM images of cross (a) and longitudinal (b) sections of amphoteric cryogels
Swelling of amphoteric cryogels in water
Due to macroporous structure the swelling rate of cryogels in water is much faster than
ordinary hydrogels and completed during 15-30 sec (Figs. 4, 5).
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
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Determination of the isoelectric points of amphoteric cryogels
One of the specific features of linear and crosslinked polyampholytes is the existence of
so-called isoelectric points (IEPs) where intra- and intermolecular attractions of opposite fixed
charges lead to pseudoneutral behavior and compact structure of amphoteric macromolecules
[12,13]. The IEPs of AA-MAA-AAm and DMAEM-MAA cryogels were determined by the
measurement of the rate of water flow through the sample as a function of pH [11,14,15]. As
seen from Figs. 6,7, the minimal values of swelling degree for AA-MAA-AAm are arranged
between pH 3.5 and 4.3 (Fig.6) while the maximal value of water flow rate for DMAEM-MAA
corresponds to 7.1-7.2 (Fig.7) that are accepted as IEPs because any deviation from the IEPs due
to excess of the positive or negative charges leads to swelling and accumulating of water
molecules around the charged groups. At the IEPs the positive and negative charges are mutually
compensated, macromolecular chains become more hydrophobic repelling water molecules from
the inner, surface and outer parts of cryogels.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
d
,
m
m
pH
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
v
,
m
L
/m
in
pH
Figure 4 – Time dependent
swelling rate of ACG-550 (1),
ACG-226 (2), ACG-226 (3) and
ACG-118 (4) in water
Figure 5 – Time dependent
swelling rate of DMAEM-MAA
cryogels crosslinked by 2.5 (1), 5
(2) and 10 mol.% (3 MBAA
Figure 6 – Swelling-deswelling curves
of ACG-550 (1), ACG-334 (2), ACG-
226 (3) and ACG-118 (4) on pH.
Arrows show on the position of the IEPs
Figure 7 – The pH dependent swelling
(1) and flow rate of water (2) through
DMAEM-MAA cryogel. The dashed line
shows the position of the IEP.
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
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Complexation of amphoteric cryogels with transition metal ions, dyes, surfactants
and proteins
The advantages of amphoteric macroporous cryogels with respect to various low- and high
molecular weight compounds are: 1) the ability to provide the adsorption process in dynamic
regime, 2) simplification of adsorption process only passing the solutes through the sample, 3)
high adsorption ability of high developed both inner and outer surface due to presence of
complex-forming ligands, 4) concentrating and immobilization of trace amount of target ions or
molecules within macroporous [10,11]. Complexation of amphoteric cryogels with transition
metal ions and dyes is accompanied by colourization of samples (Fig.8).
Figure 8 – Coloring of ACG-334 (A) and DMAEM-MAA (B) cryogels after adsorption of Cu,
Ni, Co ions (a), and dye molecules methylene blue (b) and methyl orange (c)
Immobilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within cryogel matrix
Immobilization of AuNPs within amphoteric cryogel matrix was carried out by immersing
of DMAEM-MAA sample into aqueous solution of HAuCl
4
followed by heating at 70 °C
[14,15]. After 30 min heating the colorless DMAEM-MAA cryogel turns into raspberry-red
color due to reduction of HAuCl
4
and stabilization of AuNPs by both carboxylic and tertiary
amine groups of cryogel. The morphology and SEM images of cryogel samples with
immobilized AuNPs are visualized in Figs. 9a-d. As follows from SEM image the surface of
cryogel is mostly covered by triangular, penta- or hexagonal and spherical AuNPs species of
different sizes (Figure 9d).
Figure 9 – The photos of surface part (a), cross (b) and longitudinal (c) sections and SEM image
of the surface (d) of DMAEM-MAA)/AuNPs specimen
a
b
c
d
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
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Design of flow-through catalytic reactor for hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP)
and oxidation of dithiotreitol (DTT)
Amphoteric cryogel of DMAEM-MAA with immobilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
abbreviated as DMAEM-MAA/AuNPs was used as a flow through catalytic reactor in reduction
of 4-NP by NaBH
4
and oxidation of DTT by hydrogen peroxide [16].
Both reduction of 4-NP by NaBH
4
and oxidation of DTT by hydrogen peroxide were
performed on specially designed flow-through catalytic reactor where the main working body is
macroporous amphoteric cryogel containing AuNPs (Fig. 10).
Figure 10 – Schematic representation of flow-through catalytic reactors for study of the catalytic
activity of DMAEM-MAA/AuNPs with respect to 4-NP reduction and DTT oxidation.
The reduction of 4-NP to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) by NaBH
4
(or hydrogen) as model
reaction is easily monitored by measurement of the absorption spectra of substrate and reaction
product at 400 and 300 nm respectively [17]. The full reduction of 4-NP proceeds after passing of
the substrate 3 times through the poly(DMAEM-co-MAA)/AuNPs cryogel (Fig. 11), whereas the
oxidation of DTT takes place after 5 times passing of the substrate (Fig. 12).
The catalytic activity of DMAEM-MAA/AuNPs with respect to used substrates is very high
Figure 11 – Changing of the absorbance
spectra of 4-NP during the cyclic passing
of the 4-NP through the macropores of
DMAEM-MAA)/AuNPs
Figure 12 – Changing of the
absorbance spectra of DTT during the
cyclic passing of the DTT through the
macropores of DMAEM-MAA/AuNPs
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
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and the conversion of substrates is about 95%. From practical point of view the important
characteristics of catalysts are turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF). TON is the
number of moles of substrate which one mole of catalyst can convert before inactivation. TOF is a
number of substrate moles which can convert by 1 mole of catalyst per unit of time. It should be
noted that the values of TON and TOF presented in Table 1 are approximate, because the
inactivation of catalysts has not been reached.
Table 1 – The values of TON and TOF of DMAEM-MAA/AuNPs after 10 cyclic hydrogenation
of 4-NP and oxidation of DTT
The morphology of cryogel catalyst after 100 cyclic reduction of 4-NPh is shown in Figure
13. It is seen a considerable changes of the size and shape of AuNPs immobilized in the outer
and inner parts of crogel samples. In comparison with the initial state (see Fig. 9d) the size of
AuNPs is averaged being equal to less than 100 nm in both surface and longitudinal parts (Fig.
13a,b). Moreover, partly leaching out of AuNPs takes place in the course of reduction of
sequental portions of substrate.
Figure 13 – The morphology of AuNPs on the surface (a) and longitudinal (b) sections of
DMAEM-MAA/AuNPs specimen after 100 hydrogenation cycles of 4-NP
Conclusions
Macroprous cryogels in whole and amphoteric ones in particluar represent increasing
interest of researchers from fundamental and applied points of view. In this mini-revew we have
presented mostly our own results on macroporous amphoteric cryogels accumulated last years
and shown that they are promising topic due to macroporosity, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity,
and flexibility in combination with catalytic groups. The macroporous cryogels can provide both
nanoparticles loading and reagent flux. Supporting of noble and transition metal ions in bulk of
amphoteric macrogels followed by reduction to zero-valent state will open new perspectives for
development of effective catalytic systems for decomposition, isomerization, hydrogenation, and
oxidation of various organic substrates.
Acknowledgements
Financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of
Kazakhstan (1004/GF4 2015-2017) is greatly acknowledged.
Process
TON
TOF, h
-1
Reduction of 4-NP
38.2
21.6
Oxidation of DTT
985.2
412.2
a
b
ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
28
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ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ БОЙЫНША IX ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БІРІМЖАНОВ СЪЕЗІНІҢ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ
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