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UNIT 2. STRATIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
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| UNIT 2. STRATIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
§ 1. The division of the vocabulary into layers (strata). The neutral layer The word-stock of any language can be roughly divided into three uneven groups, differing from each other by the sphere of its possible use. The biggest 57 division is made up of neutral words, possessing no connotation and suitable for any communicative situation, two smaller ones are literary and colloquial strata. The literary and the colloquial strata contain a number of subgroups each of which has a property it shares with all the subgroups within the layer. This common property, which unites the different groups of words within the layer, may be called its aspect. The aspect of the literary layer is its markedly bookish character. It is this that makes this layer more or less stable. The aspect of the colloquial layer of words is its lively spoken character. It is this that makes it unstable, fleeting. The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character: it can be employed in all styles of language and in all spheres of human activity. This layer is the most stable of all. Neutral words form the bulk of the English vocabulary and are used both in literary and colloquial language. Unlike all other groups, the neutral group of words cannot be considered as having a special stylistic coloring (stylistic reference), whereas both literary and colloquial words have a definite stylistic coloring. Etymologically neutral words are mostly native, and if of foreign origin borrowed long enough ago and assimilated. Thus, among the lexical units of this layer we find early Latin borrowings and words of Greek origin borrowed through Latin (e.g. cap, wall, church, street ), early French borrowings (e.g. army, judge, mutton ), early Scandinavian borrowings (e.g. husband, sky, call ) Words of this layer are often synonymic dominants, that is the most general words in groups of synonyms easily replacing the other members of the group. Thus, in the group of girl – young female – maiden – damsel – lass – skirt, the word ‗ girl‘ is the synonymic dominant as the most general, though not the most expressive word, ‗ young female‘ is official, bookish, ‗ maiden‘ – poetical, ‗ damsel‘ – archaic, ‗ lass‘ – colloquial, ‗ skirt‘ – slang; in the group drunk, intoxicated – inebriated – tipsy – soused – sottish the most general word is doubtlessly ‗ drunk‘. Words of the neutral layer are often polysemantic: e.g. to ask 1. to interrogate, 2. to beg. The vocabulary layers can, in the course of time, undergo the process of interpenetration. This means that a certain amount of the literary or colloquial vocabulary can penetrate into the neutral vocabulary. However, it is impossible for the literary layer to enter colloquial and vice versa without first entering the neutral stratum. жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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