Боргуль Н. М. Пособие по основам теории изучаемого языка, печать
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| § 3. The colloquial layer
Colloquial vocabulary is used by everybody and its sphere of communication is comparatively wide, at least of common colloquial words . Colloquialisms include the following groups of words: 1) common colloquial words – informal words that are used in everyday conversational speech both by cultivated and uneducated people of all age groups. 2) slang – newly coined words and phrases or current words employed in special meaning, e.g. school slang, sport slang, newspaper slang, etc. Slang is generally considered to be a low form of the language and is used in very informal communication. The slang items have a relatively limited semantic range that includes primarily university life, sexual relations, bodily functions, etc. ( goon, nerd, to puke, sucky ). Being highly emotive and expressive these words lose their originality very fast and are replaced by newer formations. In the course of time slang words may penetrate into the common colloquial layer (e.g. mate, chap, it’s up to you , etc.). There is no sure criterion to decide when an expression is slang or something else. Most of the words that are labelled ‗ slang‘ are conversational words of a highly colloquial substandard character. 3) jargon – words used by limited groups of people, united either professionally (in this case we deal with professional jargonisms, or professionalisms ) or socially (here we deal with jargonisms proper ). E.g. in oil industry, for the terminological ‗ driller‘ there exist professional jargonisms ‗ borer‘, ‗ digger‘; for geologist ‗ smeller‘, ‗ pebble pup‘, ‗ rock hound‘. Jargonisms proper differ from professionalisms in function and sphere of application. They originated from the thieves‘ jargon and served to conceal the actual significance of the utterance from the uninitiated. Their major function was to be cryptic, secretive. This is why among them there are cases of conscious deformations of the existing words. The so-called back jargon (or back slang) can serve as an example: in their effort to conceal the machinations of dishonest card-playing, gamblers used numerals in their reversed form: ‗ ano‘ for ‗ one‘, ‗ owt‘ for ‗ two‘, ‗ erth‘ for ‗ three‘. 4) dialectal words – words that reflect the geographical background of the speaker. E.g. ‗ volk‘ for ‗ folk‘ (Somersetshire), ‗ daft‘ for ‗ of unsound mind‘ (Scottish), ‗ soda‘ or ‗ pop‘ for a soft drink (in many parts of the USA), etc. 5) vulgarisms – coarse words and obscenities with strong emotive meaning, mostly derogatory, normally avoided in polite conversation. Among such words we find: damned, bitch, bloody, whore, etc. 60 жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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