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UNIT 3. THE ETYMOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ENGLISH
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- § 2. Borrowings
| UNIT 3. THE ETYMOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ENGLISH
WORD-STOCK § 1. Native words The English vocabulary has been enriched throughout its history by borrowings from foreign languages. The etymological structure of the English vocabulary consists of the native element (Indo-European and Germanic) and the borrowed elements. Etymology (from Greek etymon ― truth ǁ + logos ― learning ǁ ) is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin and history of words tracing them to their earliest determination source. By the native element we understand words that are not borrowed from other languages. A native word is a word that belongs to the Old English word-stock. The Native Element is the basic element, though it constitutes only up to 20-30% of the English vocabulary. Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language. It was spoken from about 600 A.D. until about 1100 A.D., and most of its words had been a part of a still earlier form of the language. Many of the common words of modern English, like home, stone, meat are native, or Old English, words. Most of the irregular verbs in English derive from Old English ( speak, swim, drive, ride, sing ), as do most of the English shorter numerals ( two, three, six, ten ) and most of pronouns ( I, you, we, who ). Many Old English words can be traced back to Indo-European, a prehistoric language that was the common ancestor of Greek and Latin as well. Others came into Old English as it was becoming a separate language. (a) Indo-European Element: the oldest words in English are of the Indo European origin. They form part of the basic word-stock of all Indo-European languages. There are several semantic groups: ∙ words expressing family relations: brother, daughter, father, mother, son ; ∙ names of parts of the human body: foot, eye, ear, nose, tongue ; ∙ names of trees, birds, animals: tree, birch, cow, wolf, cat ; ∙ names expressing basic actions: to come, to know, to sit, to work ; ∙ words expressing qualities: red, quick, right, glad, sad ; ∙ numerals: one, two, three, ten, hundred , etc. (b) Common Germanic words are not to be found in other Indo-European languages but the Germanic. They constitute a very large layer of the vocabulary, e.g.: ∙ nouns: hand, life, sea, ship, meal, winter, ground, coal, goat ; ∙ adjectives: heavy, deep, free, broad, sharp, grey ; ∙ verbs: to buy, to drink, to find, to forget, to go, to have, to live, to make ; ∙ pronouns: all, each, he, self, such ; ∙ adverbs: again, forward, near ; ∙ prepositions: after, at, by, over, under, from, for . 61 § 2. Borrowings The foreign or borrowed element in the English vocabulary is represented by words originating from different languages. Many of them are given below. жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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