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a fine 
term of imprisonment (time in jail or prison) 
probation or parole 
community service 
For criminal offences FINES are often used when the offence is not a very serious one and 
when the offender has not been in trouble before. 
For more serious crimes the usual punishment is IMPRISONMENT. The length of sentences 
varies from a few days to a lifetime. However, a life sentence may allow the prisoner to be released 
after a suitably long period if a parole board agrees that his detention no longer serves a purpose. In 
some countries, such as the Netherlands, living conditions in prison are fairly good because it is 
believed that deprivation of liberty is punishment in itself and should not be so harsh that it reduces the 
possibility of the criminal re-educating and reforming himself. In other countries, conditions are very 
bad. Perhaps because of an increase in crime or because of more and longer sentences of 
imprisonment, some prison cells have to accommodate far more people than they were built to hold. 
Britain and the United States are trying to solve the shortage of space by allowing private companies to 
open prisons. 
PROBATION is the suspension of jail time. An offender on probation is ordered to follow 
certain conditions set forth by the court, often under the supervision of a probation officer. Offenders 
are ordinarily required to refrain from subsequent possession of firearms, and may be ordered to 
remain employed, live at a directed place, obey the orders of the probation officer. Offenders on 
probation might be fitted with an electronic tag (or monitor), which signals their whereabouts to 
officials. Also, offenders have been ordered to submit to repeated alcohol/drug testing or to participate 
in alcohol/drug or psychological treatment, or to perform community service work. 
PAROLE is the supervised release of prisoners before the completion of their sentence in 
prison. They may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole. Conditions of 
parole often include things such as obeying the law, avoiding contact with the parolee’s victims, 
obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.
Parole should not be confused with probation, as parole is serving the remainder of a sentence 
outside of prison, where probation is given instead of a prison sentence and as such, tends to place 
more rigid obligations upon the individual serving the term. 
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT is a form of physical punishment that involves the deliberate 
infliction of pain as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a 
wrongdoer. This kind of punishment is still employed in Malaysia, Singapore, Pakistan, Zambia and 
Zimbabwe. Courts may sentence offenders to be caned or whipped. As well as corporal punishment, 
some Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran use other kinds of physical penalties such as 
amputation or mutilation. 
COMMUNITY SERVICE requires the offender to do a certain amount of unpaid work usually 
for a social institution such as a hospital. 


233 
RESTRICTING FREEDOM in the form of house arrest as a new alternative type of 
punishment in the Russian Federation has now been adopted in connection with coming into force of 
new provisions in the Criminal and Criminal Correctional Codes. 


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