Атты І халықаралық конференция ЕҢбектері
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| Experiences of the Turks
Turks first used the Göktürk alphabet, then the Uyghur alphabet. Later, they started using the Arabic alphabet in the 9th century and finally accepted the Turkish alphabet, which is based on the Latin alphabet, in 1928. When the Turks realized that the Arabic alphabet was not adequate for Turkish, they added some new characters and some new signs to this alphabet. They modified the shape of the characters and gave them artistic features. The first printing house in the Ottoman Empire was opened in 1726. Around the 1850’s books and newspapers were printed in the state. During this period, Turks realized the following difficulties of the Arabic alphabet. Arabic letters are written in running hand form. In other words, the letters are not discrete. Each letter has three forms; 1 o At the beginning of the word; 2 o In the middle of the word and 3 o At the end of the word. There are no capital forms of the letters. Therefore, a proper noun cannot be typed. There are only three vowels (a, i, u) in the Arabic alphabet. Turkish basically has 8 vowels, which are a, e, ı, i, o, ö, u, ü. In addition, Turkish has two types of “e” sounds (lips and round) and the “a, ı, i, ü” letters also have a long form. In the old times, a student could learn to read and write in Arabic in 4 or 5 years. To overcome these difficulties, the following actions were taken: Turks tried to modify the Arabic alphabet. They added the Turkish vowels (a, e, ı, o, ö and ü) Letter “he” is used as the vowel “e”. Also, for military uses Enver Paşa developed a special alphabet, which has discrete letters. In the 19th century Turks used the Latin alphabet for commercial documents. Example: Hadji Bekir (Hacı Bekir), Hussein Djahid (Hüseyin Cahit), Istamboul (İstanbul). As you can see, they used the French spelling rules for the Turkish words. When the Turkish Republic was five years old, in June of 1928, the president of the state, Mustafa Kemal decided to develop the Turkish alphabet based on the Latin alphabet. After this decision was made; 1. Firstly, a linguistic committee was formed. This committee worked on the sound analysis of the language and on developing the letters of the Turkish alphabet. 2. Many teachers were educated. 32 3. Many courses were opened throughout the country for the elderly. Roughly 2.500.000 people, of which 1.124.916 were elderly, were educated in five years. The population of Turkey in 1927 was 14.832.725. In Table-1, the number of courses, teachers and students are shown. Table-1: Some figures about teaching new alphabet жүктеу/скачать 8,57 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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