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Onset 
The first fully stressed syllable with which the head begins is often referred to as the onset

Phonetic prominence 
Prominence is the placement of stress in discourse by the speaker (often referred to as ‘sentence 
stress’ or ‘utterance stress’). It is also known as highlighting, focus, tonic prominence. The effect of 
phonetic prominence is based on a complex of prosodic modifications which can be in a general 
way described as an increase of the force of articulation (intensity), length (duration), and pitch 
level (fundamental frequency of the voice). Besides, the articulation of a vowel (formant structure) 
also plays a role in the perception of utterance-stress: a syllable prominent on utterance level always 
has a full quality vowel. 
Pitch (speech melody) 
The pitch component of intonation, or speech melody, is commonly referred to as variations in 
the height of the voice during speech, and is generally described in terms of pitch-changes and 
levels. 
Pitch-change 
If the voice at the beginning of a unit is higher (or lower) than at its end, there is an effect of 
falling or a rising pitch change. The height of the voice within a unit may change in two directions: 
upward and the downward, or vice versa – a Rise-Fall or a Fall-Rise, respectively; sometimes there 
may be three changes – Rise-Fall-Rise. Perceptible variations in the pitch of the voice can be based 
on actual changes of the fundamental frequency of the voice within vowels and sonorants, or result 
from a contrast between the pitch-levels of the stressed syllable and the unstressed syllable(s) 
following it in the rhythmic-accentual group. 


71 
Pitch-level 
A pitch-level is a certain height within the speaker’s voice-range. The notion of a level may be 
applied to the whole stretch of an utterance, and then it means the average height of the voice 
during the pronunciation of the given utterance. In a narrower sense, a pitch-level is associated with 
some particular point in an utterance, such as, e.g., the beginning and ending points of 
pronunciation units: syllables, rhythmic groups, intonation-groups. These points, especially in a unit 
such as a syllable, may coincide in their height, i.e. the syllable is pronounced on a steady, 
unchanged pitch. Its most significant perceptible characteristic is the actual height of the unit in 
relation to the speaker’s voice-range. From the functional point of view, the pitch-level plays an 
important role in marking the degree of semantic prominence attached by the speaker to this or that 
word or phrase in an utterance. Pitch level is also significant for conveying various shades of 
modal-attitudinal meanings and emotional colouring. 


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