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Наука и жизнь Казахстана 4 6 2020
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Interjections, which are a class of unchanging words that are devoid of special grammatical indi- cators and have a special expressive-semantic func- tion, consisting in the expression of any sensations and feelings, usually very vaguely described in bi- lingual dictionaries, are also for the most part prag- matically nonequivalent. Often the interjections of the translating language and their analogues in the original language do not coincide in the volume of meaning. Thus, for an adequate transfer of the inter- jection value, specification of this value is required. Due to the divergence of phonological systems, and also partly due to these differences in ideas about euphony in the source and translating lan- guages, onomatopoeia, which is usually understood as a conditional verbal imitation of sounds of ani- mate and inanimate nature and the world of things, also sometimes have no equivalents in translating language or presented in its dictionary descriptively. For example: clop – clatter of hooves, plonk – the sound of a slap Due to their bulkiness, these equivalents can- not always be used in translation. Descriptive trans- lations of this kind are devoid of one of the most important elements of the pragmatic meaning of the original word: imagery and immediate acoustic characteristics, which are one of the most important components of the artistic structure of the text, and, as a rule, make up one of the author’s most impor- tant stylistic attitudes [I.V.Arnold, 1981, p. 190]. Associative lacunae can also be attributed to pragmatic-untranslatables , which is understood as the absence of additional associations (connota- tions) in accordance with the translating language, with which the source word of the source language is associated in the consciousness of its collective, or the mismatch of these associations when the refer- ence values coincide. So, for example, if for the Ta- tars bird cherry is a symbol of spring, birch is a sym- bol of discreet nature, and cranes cause associations with autumn, then in English the words bird-cherry, birch-tree and cranes lack such associations [S. Vla- hov, 1980, p. 119-132]. ALTERNATIVE-untranslatables. The alterna- tive-untranslatables includes vocabulary, which, de- pending on the chosen method of translation, can be either reference-less equivalent (i.e., at odds with the corresponding unit of the translating language in a reference value), or pragmatically-nonequiva- lent (i.e., at odds with her in a pragmatic sense). This group includes proper names (PN), references, real- ities, phraseological units. The group of proper names includes first of all proper names. Personal names and nicknames, geo- graphical and company names, as well as the names of institutions, newspapers, magazines, ships, etc. represent one of the most obviously nonequivalent categories of vocabulary. [Altaybaeva D, 2008, 128p.] Common personal names and geographical names are any unfamiliar personal names of the source language that do not have equivalents in the translating language [V.A. Kuhorenko, 1979]. • Historical (traditional names) – James, this is Ja- cob, not James. • Names and geographical names – when trans- lating, it is necessary to take into account the pro- nunciation standards of the language. • Brand names – it is possible to omit the brand name (proper name, which determines membership in any institution), if it is not important for under- standing the content. • Names that have a pronounced internal form – various “speaking” names. Sometimes, the meaning of a name needs to be explained for a deeper un- derstanding of the context. • Proper names with a cultural connotation • Title of books and films Conversions are other similar in character names to their own group of words, often falling into the ranks of the equivalent vocabulary. The proper names in the call function basically have an equiva- lent in another language. Realities (words or phrases calling objects char- acteristic of life, culture, social and historical devel- opment of one people and alien to another) being carriers of national and / or historical color also, as a rule, do not have exact correspondences in other languages. 174 ҚАЗА ҚСТАННЫ Ң ҒЫЛЫМЫ МЕН Ө М ІР І • НАУКА И ЖИЗНЬ КАЗАХСТАНА • SCIENCE AND LIFE OF KA ZAKHST AN Phraseologisms, which are phrases in which se- mantic monolithic dominates the structural separa- bility of their constituent elements, and which have a special phraseological meaning, which is the result of a rethinking of their units, can also be nonequiva- lent. Phraseological units of the source language, as a rule, are translated by phraseological units of the translating language, identified with them in mean- ing. However, the initial phraseological combination of the original is not always in the translation lan- guage an exact or even approximate phraseological equivalent, or the correspondence offered by the dictionary is not suitable for this context, and the translator is forced to look for other, non-phraseo- logical means for the translation of such units. [S. Vlahov, 1980, p.140-146, 155] Equivalence (lat. aequivalens – equivalent) – the correspondence of linguistic units. When we speak of interlanguage equivalence, we mean the correspondence of the central and pe- ripheral semantic components of units of contrast- ing languages. For example, the equivalent of the Russian word sickle in the Kazakh language is the word urak, since their semantic components, reflect- ed in the definitions, coincide. See: Sickle – a manual tool for cutting bread from the root, which is a long curved knife with a serrated blade.. The three degrees of equivalence are distin- guished in the most general form: full, partial, and zero. 1. Complete equivalence is a phenomenon in which one word of language A corresponds to one word of language B. It is represented by the identi- ty of the semantic components of language units, which is the identity of semantic structures. 2. Partial equivalence of linguistic units can be represented in various respects: – divergence – a phenomenon in which more than one word of language B corresponds to one word of language A. – convergence – the opposite of divergence, i.e. two or more words of language A correspond to one word of language B. The absence of units in one of the compared lan- guages that express the differentiation of the phe- nomena of the objective world leads to divergence and convergence, which can also be represented by the following examples: in the language of lapps, there are 20 different words for ice, 21 words for snow; in Russian, snow is called grains, then pow- ders, then flakes; winter itself is also called affec- tionately zimushka-zima, and a mild, warm winter is called an sirotskayazima, while in some languages there is no such differentiation. Divergent and convergent relations layering is possible in languages. жүктеу/скачать 14,41 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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