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Short Forms and Labels
Word Classes
adj = 
adjective
adv = 
adverb
= 
noun
= 
verb
Codes and Labels
abb.
=?abbreviation
pl.
= plural
smb
=?somebody
smth
= something


9
Unit 1
.

WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Objectives?of?the?unit:?
•? to?understand?the?essentials?of?science
•? to?develop?language?skills:?reading?(for?gist?and?for?detail),?speaking?
(describing?objects,?explanations,?giving?definitions,?reporting)?and?writing?
(a summary, an explanatory essay, making notes)
•? to?develop?crucial?study?skills?(critical?reading,?designing?mid?maps,?talking?
about?the?research)
•? to?learn?the?vocabulary?related?to?science?and?the?scientific?method
•? to?practice?grammar:?genitive,?nouns?in?academic?English,?articles
Section 1. Modern Science: What Is It
LEAD-IN
Exercise 1. Read the statements about science and decide whether you agree or 
disagree with them.
Statements
Agree Disagree
1.? Scientific?ideas?are?absolute?and?unchanging.
2. Science can only disprove ideas.
3.? The?job?of?a?scientist?is?to?find?support?for?his/her?
hypotheses.
4. Science is pure. Scientists work without considering 
the applications of their ideas.
Exercise 2. Use the words below to give your own definition of science.


10
Exercise 3. Do you know these scientists? Tell others what you know about them 
and their scientific careers.
READING
Science: An Overview
The?word?‘science’?probably?brings?to?mind?many?different?pictures:?a?fat?
textbook,? white? lab? coats? and? microscopes,? an? astronomer? peering? through?
a?telescope,?a?naturalist?in?the?rainforest,?Einstein’s?equations?scribbled?on?a?
chalkboard,?the?launch?of?the?space?shuttle,?bubbling?beakers...?All?of?those?
images?reflect?some?aspect?of?science,?but?none?of?them?provides?a?full?picture?
because?science?has?so?many?facets:
•? Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. In school, science may 
sometimes?seem?like?a?collection?of?isolated?and?static?facts?listed?in?a?textbook,?
but?that’s?only?a?small?part?of?the?story.?Just?as?importantly,?science?is?also?a?
process of discovery that allows us to link isolated facts into coherent and com-
prehensive understandings of the natural world. 
•? Science is exciting. Science is a way of discovering what’s in the universe 
and how those things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they 
are?likely?to?work?in?the?future.?Scientists?are?motivated?by?the?thrill?of?seeing?
or?figuring?out?something?that?no?one?has?before.?
•? Science is useful.?The?knowledge?generated?by?science?is?powerful?and?reli-
able.?It?can?be?used?to?develop?new?technologies,?treat?diseases,?and?deal?with?
many?other?sorts?of?problems.?
•? Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and expanding our 
knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it leads to new questions for future 
investigation.?Science?will?never?be?‘finished’.?
•? Science is a global human endeavor. People all over the world participate 
in the process of science. 
Science?is?complex?and?multi-faceted,?but?the?most?important?characteristics?
of science are straightforward: 
•? Science?focuses?exclusively?on?the?natural?world,?and?does?not?deal?with?
supernatural explanations. 
•? Science?is?a?way?of?learning?about?what?is?in?the?natural?world,?how?the?
natural?world?works,?and?how?the?natural?world?got?to?be?the?way?it?is.?It?is?not?
simply a collection of facts; rather it is a path to understanding. 
•? Scientists?work?in?many?different?ways,?but?all?science?relies?on?testing?
ideas?by?figuring?out?what?expectations?are?generated?by?an?idea?and?making?
observations?to?find?out?whether?those?expectations?hold?true.?


11
•? Accepted?scientific?ideas?are?reliable?because?they?have?been?subjected?to?
rigorous?testing,?but?as?new?evidence?is?acquired?and?new?perspectives?emerge?
these?ideas?can?be?revised.?
•? Science?is?a?community?endeavor.?It?relies?on?a?system?of?checks?and?bal-
ances, which helps ensure that science moves in the direction of greater accu-
racy?and?understanding.?This?system?is?facilitated?by?diversity?within?the?sci-
entific?community,?which?offers?a?broad?range?of?perspectives?on?scientific?ideas.?
Many?students?have?misconceptions?about?what?science?is?and?how?it?works.?
The?most?common?misconceptions?about?science?are?listed?below.
Misconception 1: Science is a collection of facts.
CORRECTION
: Because science classes sometimes revolve around dense 
textbooks,?it’s?easy?to?think?that’s?all?there?is?to?science:?facts?in?a?textbook.?But?
that’s only part of the picture. Science is?a?body?of?knowledge?that?one?can?learn?
about?in?textbooks,?but?it?is?also?a?process.?Science?is?an?exciting?and?dynamic?
process?for?discovering?how?the?world?works?and?building?that?knowledge?into?
powerful and coherent frameworks.
Misconception 2: Science is complete.
CORRECTION
: Since much of what is taught in introductory science courses 
is knowledge that was constructed in the 19th and 20th centuries, it’s easy to 
think that science is finished — that we’ve already discovered most of what 
there?is?to?know?about?the?natural?world.?This?is?far?from?accurate.?Science?is?an?
ongoing?process,?and?there?is?much?more?yet?to?learn?about?the?world.?In?fact,?
in science, making a key discovery often leads to many new questions ripe for 
investigation.?Furthermore,?scientists?are?constantly?elaborating,?refining,?and?
revising?established?scientific?ideas?based?on?new?evidence?and?perspectives.
Misconception 3: There is a single Scientific Method that all scientists follow.
CORRECTION
: ‘The Scientific Method’ is often taught in science courses 
as?a?simple?way?to?understand?the?basics?of?scientific?testing.?In?fact,?the?Sci-
entific Method represents how scientists usually write up the results of their 
studies?(and?how?a?few?investigations?are?actually?done),?but?it?is?a?grossly?
oversimplified?representation?of?how?scientists?generally?build?knowledge.?
The?process?of?science?is?exciting,?complex,?and?unpredictable.?It?involves?
many?different?people,?engaged?in?many?different?activities,?in?many?different?
orders. 
Misconception 4: The process of science is purely analytic and does not involve 
creativity
.
CORRECTION
: Perhaps?because?the?Scientific?Method?presents?a?linear?and?
rigid representation of the process of science, many people think that doing sci-
ence involves closely following a series of steps, with no room for creativity and 
inspiration. In fact, many scientists recognize that creative thinking is one of 
the most important skills they have — whether that creativity is used to come 
up with an alternative hypothesis, to devise a new way of testing an idea, or to 
look at old data in a new light. Creativity is critical to science!


12
Misconception 5: Experiments are a necessary part of the scientific process. 
Without an experiment
, a study is not rigorous or scientific.
CORRECTION
: Perhaps?because?the?Scientific?Method?and?popular?portray-
als?of?science?emphasize?experiments,?many?people?think?that?science?can’t?be?
done without an experiment. In fact, there are many ways to test almost any 
scientific?idea;?experimentation?is?only?one?approach.?Some?ideas?are?best?tested?
by?setting?up?a?controlled?experiment?in?a?lab,?some?by?making?detailed?obser-
vations?of?the?natural?world,?and?some?with?a?combination?of?strategies.
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