Конспект лекций по дисциплине «История языка (англ.)» для студентов специальности «Иностранная филология»
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- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- trees and plants
| 2. Borrowings in the OE vocabulary
In the course of the first seven hundred years of the existence of English it was brought into contact with three other languages: the languages of the Celts, the Romans, and the Scandinavians. Borrowed words constituted only a small portion of the OE vocabulary. The borrowings show the spheres of the contacts with other languages such as policy, economy, culture, etc. There are very few Celtic loan-words in the OE vocabulary. Abundant borrowing from Celtic is to be found only in place-names. The OE kingdoms Kent, Bernicia and Deira derive their names from the names of Celtic tribes. The name York, the Downs and London are of Celtic sources. Proper names: Ouse, Exe, Esk and Usk go back to Celtic uisge (water) and Avon, Evan go back to Celtic amhuin (river). Thames, Stour and Dover also come from Celtic. Some Celtic elements can help to identify them: comb (deep valley), torr (high rock), llan (church), pill (creek) (Batcombe, Torcross, Llandaff, Huntspill. In many place – names the Celtic component combined with a Latin or a Germanic component made compound place names: Celtic + Latin Celtic + Germanic
The number of borrowings from Celtic in other semantic spheres is few: no more than a dozen. However it is possible to distinguish two groups: 1) words which the Anglo-Saxons learned through everyday contact with the natives, here are such common nouns as binn (bin), cradol (cradle), bratt (cloak), dun ( dun –серовато-коричневый), cross (cross). 2) words which were introduced by the Irish missionaries spreading Christianity (VIth c.): ancor (hermit [hə:mit] отшельник), drÿ (magician), cursian (curse), clugge (bell). Through ages some of the Celtic borrowings have died out or have survived only in dialects. If the influence of Celtic upon Old English was slight, it was because the relation of the Celt to the Teuton was that of a submerged race and because the Celt was not in a position to make any notable contribution to Anglo-Saxon civilization. It was quite otherwise with Latin influence. Latin was the language of a race with a higher civilization, a race from which the Teutons had much to learn. Contact with that civilization, at first commercial and military, later religious and intellectual, extended over many centuries and was constantly renewed. Latin borrowings entered English in three periods: 1) began long before the Anglo-Saxons came to England and is called continental. For several hundred years, while the Teutons who later became the English were still occupying their continental homes, they had various relations with the Romans through which they acquired a considerable number of Latin words. As for the semantic spheres the words pertain to trade: cēapian, cēap, cēapman, manian, manun, etc. (to trade, deal, trader, to trade, trading); units of measurement and containers: pund (pound), ynce (inch), flasce (flask), mynet (coin), etc.; articles of trade and agricultural products: win (L vinum), butere (L būtÿrum), plume (L prunus), cīese (L cāseus), pipor (L piper) (wine, butter, plum, cheese, pepper). Words pertaining to building: cealc, tiele, coper (chalk, tile, copper); domestic life: cytel, disc, cuppe, pyle (kettle, dish, cup, pillow); military affairs: mīl (mile), weall (wall), pytt (pit),etc. 2) when Teutons came to England they saw the evidences of the long Roman rule in the island and learned from the Celts a few additional Latin words. Among them were some place-names or components of place-names used by the Celts: L castra in the variant caster, ceaster (camp) formed place-names such as Chester, Dorchester, Lancaster,etc.; L colonia (settlement for retired soldiers) is in Colchester and Lincoln; L vicus (village) is in Norwich, Woolwich; L portus is in Bridport, Devonport. Place-names made of Latin and Germanic are: Portsmouth, Greenport, Greenwich, etc. 3) began with the introduction of Christianity in the late 6th c. (597) and lasted to the end of OE. It resulted in a really extensive adoption of Latin elements which fall into two groups: a) words pertaining to religion: L apostolus OE apostol (apostle); L episcopus, OE biscop (bishop); L candēla, OE candel (candle); L diabolus, OE dēofol ( devil) + NE mass, minster, monk, alms, abbot, altar, angel, ark, creed, hymn, idol, martyr, nun, organ, palm, pope, prophet, psalm, psalter, relic, rule, temple,,etc. 2) words connected with learning: NE school, scholar,master, verse, compose (L schola, scholāris, magister, versus, dictare. The spread of education led to the wider use of Latin: teaching was conducted in Latin or consisted of learning Latin. Variety of miscellaneous borrowings came from Latin, they indicated new ideas, here belong names of trees and plants: elm, lily, plant, pine; names of illnesses and words pertaining to medical treatment: cancer, fever, paralysis, plaster; names of animals: camel, elephant, tiger; names of clothes and household articles: cap, mat, sack, sock; names of foods: beet, oyster,radish, etc. The other aspect of influence was the appearance of so-called “translation-loans” – the creation of words on the pattern of Latin words (most names of the days of the week): OE Mōnan-dæ (Monday) (“day of the moon”), L Lunae dies; OE Tīwes-dæ (Tuesday) (“day of Tiw”), L Martius dīes. Other translation - loans are: NE gospel, Trinity,etc.
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