ISSN 1811-184X. Вестник ПГУ
серия
ХИМИКО - БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ. 2014. № 1
10
11
where u (r, t) – the displacement vector of a finite element mesh of the equi-
librium position,
~
σ
- the stress tensor.
+
∂
∂
∂
∂
=
∂
∂
r
u
r
u
r
D
t
u
2
(2)
where
ζ
ζ
/
)
3
/
4
(
|
/
G
K
M
D
+
≡
=
- coefficient of cooperative diffusion; K –
the bulk modulus of grid. With boundary conditions corresponding to the absence
of stress normal to the surface of the gel, and the initial condition, corresponding
to a homogeneous strain in the gel leads (for G = 0) to the following expression
for the variation of the radius of the gel α = α (t) during swelling:
)
/
exp(
6
2
2
2
0
τ
π
α
α
α
α
t
n
n
n
−
=
−
−
−
∞
∞
∑
(3)
Here
0
α and
∞
α - the initial and final (equilibrium) radius of the gel
)
/(
2
2
D
π
α
τ
∞
=
. For sufficiently large t the terms with n> 1 in the right-hand side
become negligibly small and the radius of the gel α exponentially begins to ap-
proach its equilibrium value:
)
/
exp(
6
2
0
τ
π
α
α
α
t
a
−
=
−
−
∞
∞
(4)
Thus, according to the model TF, depending on the experimental analyze α (t)
coordinates ln [
)
0
(
/
)
(
α
α
∆
∆
t
], t allows to define slope of the curve characteristic
swelling time rand consequently the magnitude of D.
The main predictions of the above models confirmed by measurements on neutral
gels (polyacrylamide and polydimethylsiloxane), for which the volume change after
swelling is low. Thus, in experiments with spherical samples shown [4] that the
relaxation time of the gel is really proportional to the square of its equilibrium size. It
was established that the coefficient of the cooperative diffusion, as determined from
the swelling kinetics of macroscopic gel samples, agrees satisfactorily with those
measured in experiments on quasi-elastic light scattering by the same gels. In the
experiments with the samples in a cylindrical and disc shape [5] validated that the
swelling occurs isotropically nonspherical gels, i.e. their relative sizes are increased
equally in all directions. The obtained according to these experiments, the ratio G/M
is consistent with the results of independent measurements.
Experimental research the kinetics of swelling with large change in volume
for the first time carried out on the example of weakly charged gels based on
N-isopropylacrylamide and sodium acrylate [6]. Measurements made on spherical
samples, showed that in this case the variation of the size of the gel at large times is
described by an exponential law, and the dependence of the relaxation time finite radius
gel approximated by a power
∈
r
t ~
function exponent (
∈
= 1.8), close to 2. This
means that with a large volume change of swelling is also controlled by the cooperative
diffusion of a network. However, as the authors suggest [5], the viscoelastic parameters
describing the kinetics of the process (elastic modulus, coefficient of friction) in the
case of strong swelling depends on the polymer concentration in the gel.
Somewhat later, conducяted the swelling kinetics of ionized hydrogels based
on acrylic acid [2]. It is shown that the cooperative diffusion coefficient D measured
by swelling experiments cylindrical specimens in a water-salt solution increases with
increasing the degree of ionization of the polymer network chains and decreases with
increasing salt concentration in the solution. These effects are qualitatively consistent
with the laws of change D, established for the same gels in experiments on quasi-elastic
light scattering, conducted by the same group of authors [1].
Mentioned above theoretical works relate, strictly speaking, to neutral gels, to
systems consisting of only two components (polymer and solvent). In the case of
polyelectrolyte gels appears additional component - counterions, which may affect the
kinetics of the swelling gel. Theory of the kinetics of swelling and collapse of such gels,
taking into account the change charge in mesh due to leakage during swelling dissociation-
associations reactions between ionic and counterions groups of mesh, proposed in [2].
Experimental researches [3-6] have allowed to clarify some important aspects
of the kinetics of the swelling of polymer gels. It was shown [3-4] that the variation
of the size of the neutral gel at large times is described by an exponential law, and
in accordance with the theory of the relaxation time of the gel with the square of its
equilibrium size. Obtained from the relaxation time of the cooperative diffusion
coefficient agreement with those found during research of the dynamics of microscopic
(thermal) fluctuations in the density of the gel by quasielastic light scattering. It was
established [3-5] that in the case of polyelectrolyte (pH-sensitive) gels can affect to the
rate of swelling (and even determine its) ionization mesh speed, which is determined
by the moving speed of the transfer of ions providing ionization (e.g., OH-ions for gels
with ionic carboxyl groups). Accelerate the process of ionization mesh, and thereby
increase the rate of swelling of the gel, you can use a suitable buffer.
Much of the experimental work reduced to study cases is not very large
changes in the volume of the gel [6], and few studies have focused on the kinetics
of the strong swelling (large changes in volume of the hydrogel) [5].
This fact determines the great interest in the research features of the kinetics
of weakly crosslinked polyelectrolyte hydrogels which can increase in volume
(relative to the dried state) thousandfold.
The feature of process of swelling polymer hydrogels is manifestation on
the hydrogel surface relief pattern [1-2]. First is an amazing phenomenon was
described and explained by Tanaka and colleagues [2].
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