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Determination of the level of increase in the power of



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Determination of the level of increase in the power of 
mechanical losses of the ICE, to ensures the effective service 
braking of the vehicle by ICE 
First, let us determine the amount of deacceleration, in which 
the vehicle braking by the engine is effective. The vehicle's ICE 
braking system belongs to the auxiliary braking system, but under 
certain conditions it may also belong to the spare braking system. 
The auxiliary braking system can be used either separately or 
together with the service braking system. On vehicles with a higher 
weight, to improve downhill braking efficiency, the car's auxiliary 
braking system is equipped with a motor brake, a flap that blocks the 


39 
exhaust pipe. 
According to GOST 33997-2016 [11] an auxiliary brake 
system without a motor brake is checked in road conditions by 
actuating it and measuring the car deceleration when braking in the 
speed range of 25-35 km/h. In this case, a gear must be engaged in 
the transmission, which excludes exceeding the maximum 
permissible engine crankshaft speed. Auxiliary braking system is 
considered to have withstood the test of braking efficiency if it 
provides steady-state deceleration of at least 0.5 m/s2 for the car with 
the permitted maximum weight and 0.8 m/s2 for the car with the 
driver in rigged condition. 
The spare brake system is designed for use in case of failure or 
malfunction of the service brake system. It can be half as efficient as 
the service braking system, e.g. it can function as one of the circuits 
in the service dual circuit brake system or as a parking brake system. 
However, the latter must provide proportionality between the pedal 
force (lever) and braking torque on the wheels of the car. This 
requirement is often not satisfied, for example, the parking brake 
system of cars, which is controlled by a lever, in some cases, it does 
not provide a smooth, adequate control of the deceleration of the car 
in proportion to the force of the driver to the control. 
An engine in vehicle with transmission also does not meet the 
GOST requirements for a spare brake system. However, it will 
satisfy them if the car is equipped with a variator, the gear ratio of 
which the driver can smoothly change using a pedal or lever. Norms 
of braking efficiency of the car with the help of the spare brake 
system during the tests on the stands as well as in road conditions are 
given in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively. 
 
Table 3 – Norms of car braking efficiency by means of a spare 
braking system during stand tests 
Type of transport 
vehicle 
Vehicle's 
category 
Effort on the 
control unit, 

Specific 
braking force, 
at least 
Passenger and cargo-
passenger vehicles 
М
1
686 (589*) 
0.26 
М
1
, М
2
686 (589*) 
0.23 
Trucks 
N
1
, N
2
, N
3
686 (589*) 
0.23 
* For vehicles with manual control of the spare brake system. 


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Table 4 – Norms of car braking efficiency by means of a spare 
braking system during inspections in road conditions. Initial braking 
speed – 40 km/h 
Type of 
transport 
vehicle 
Vehicle's 
category 
Effort on 
the 
control 
unit, H 
Stepped 
deceleration, 
m/s
2
, at least 
Braking 
system 
response 
time, s, 
max. 
Passenger 
and cargo-
passenger 
vehicles 
М
1
490 
(392*) 
2.60 
0.6 
М
1
, М
2
686 
(589*) 
2.25 
0.8 
(1.0**) 
Trucks 
N
1
, N
2
, N
3
686 
(589*) 
2.25 
0.8 
(1.0**) 
* For vehicles with manual control of the spare brake system. 
** For vehicles made before 01.01.81. 
To determine the conformity of the efficiency of braking of a 
modern passenger car with the requirements of GOST, we use the 
calculated dependencies of the car deceleration in different gears on 
the speed of braking during the braking process. 
When vehicle is braked by the engine, its slowdown is caused 
by three forces and is determined by the formula on a horizontal road 
section: 


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