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language. This information was not known to
common people).
It was not until decades later; in the 1990s
that we learned that in three days after his arrest
Sietkulov was shot. His burial place remains
unknown until now and furthermore, the family has
no other physical momentos to remember him by,
not even one picture as everything was confiscated
- the library, valuables, furniture. The only “reward”
for the decades of obscurity and excruciating worry
was the decision of the commission on enacting the
order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of
the USSR “On additional measures in restoring
justice in relevance to the victims of the political
repression.” (April 25, 1989). The document given
to the family reads that Mukhamedkhan Seitkulov
is fully rehabilitated. Seitkulov’s younger brother
was sent to “Belamor-Canal”, soon after he died.
This took place not long ago. But then in 1937
Kayum felt very quickly what it meant to be the
son of “an enemy of the nation”. He was expelled
from the Pedagogical Institute. Newspapers wrote
about “the son of the bai who had no right to be
next to decent people”. Kayum had to perform
physical labor to support his family as he could not
get other job with the label of “outcast”. He loaded
coal in fire-boxes, unloaded trucks and did any other
work he could get. It took time to be reinstated at
the Institute.
At the age of 16 Kayum started his teaching
career at the courses of the Kazakh language, but
he earned his first salary at the age of 14. Knowledge
of several languages, professional skills in seeing
the value of literary work, his own poetic and
playwright talent molded Mukhamedkhanov into
a good translator. It was translation that was a pass
for the future man of letters. One day his father’s
frequent guest, Idris Mustambayev (a prominent
representative of the Kazakhs intelligentsia) asked
Kayum to come to his home. He showed him a thick
manuscript in Arabic language and asked him to
read it .
“I read it all well, “– recollected Kayum many
decades after.
-And can you translate it and rewrite it from
the Arab script into the Latin one? What would you
say?
-Well, aga, I will try. (note: “aga” means
respectful address to elders). With these words I took
the manuscript home. I sat day and night for twenty
days to complete the assignment.
When I brought the work to Mustambayev
he said: “You did the work well and accurately.”
He shook my hand and gave me a hug. I was about
to leave when Mustambayev gave me some money.
I was perplexed and did not want to take it
- This will not do, he said. This is your hard
work and excellent result. Any work should be
rewarded.
“So, this is how I first earned money”, -
Kayum recollected.
In 1930-s Kayum created a number of verses
and poems. As it was mentioned his poetic talent
was vividly revealed in the verse of the State
Anthem.
A GREAT TEACHER AND A GREAT
STUDENT
Kayum’s research path started at the end of
1930-s under the guidance of Auezov who supported
Kayum morally after his father’s arrest. Mukhtar
Auezov called Kayum “My young talented
brother”. He fully trusted Kayum in any assignment
he gave to him. A great teacher – Mukhtar Auezov
created great tasks for his student and follower
Kayum Mukhamedkhanov. He set forward three
main tasks to Kayum:
1. To start the new research path – the literary
school of Abai’s followers and students
2. To prepare the basis and establish the first
ever museum of Abai in Semipalatinsk
3. To find, restore and keep purity of Abai’s
original verses and poems by means of conducting
scrupulous text analysis
Three great tasks were given by the great
teacher Mukhtar to a student Kayum which he
implemented with excellence and high
professionalism. The contribution to the nation and
dignified behavior and deeds of Kayum give us the
right to call Kayum the great student of Auezov –
the great teacher.
When Kayum was a student of the Philology
Department at the Pedagogical Institute he under
Mukhtar’s guidance began the titanic work on
studying and preserving Abai’s heritage. Kayum
took Auezov’s class in the Kazakh literature. On
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Mukhtar Auezov’s advice he began a research study
on the creative activities of Abai’s followers:
Akilbai, Magavya, Aubakir, Arip, Turagul, Kakitai,
Kokpai, Aset and others. He also did scrupulous
text analysis of their literary works that were fast
disappearing. He wrote down their creative
biographies by collecting in small pieces evidence
of their life. Mathematically accurate work on texts
analysis helped Kayum to reveal their poetic and
literary works, to identify which works belong to
what poets to preserve them for generations. At
that time Kayum made a research grounded
argument for the very notion of “Literary school of
Abai”. Thirteen research articles on this topic were
published by him when he was a student!
It was not only teacher-student relationship
that was established between Auezov and
Mukhamedkhanov, the researchers of life and
creative activity of Abai, two men of literature. It
was the souls’ attraction that is sometimes stronger
than the relations by blood. Moreover, warm
relations and frequent meetings continued when
Kayum had his own family. His wife Farkhinur took
care of Mukhtar Auezov, she mended his clothes,
washed his beloved shirt with a collar fastening at
side. It is that shirt Auezov is wearing when he and
Mukhamedkhanov were pictured together. In 1940
Auezov came to Semipalatinsk on a regular basis.
He stopped at Kayum’s house. At the request of
Auezov Kayum’s mother Makipjamal and his wife
Farkhinur had their pictures taken in the national
dresses of the elderly and the young Kazakh women
of Abai’s time. Those costumes were carefully kept
in Kayum’s house. Mukhtar Auezov explained that
these pictures were needed for the theatre
performance of his play “Abai” so that the theater
producer Tokpanov would understand how Kazakh
women of that time looked like. Now these unique
pictures are kept in our house as family relics.
Mukhtar –aga frequently stopped in Kayum’s
house when he moved out of Semipalatinsk. Here
he was treated as a family member. Distances
separated two researchers, the two close friends but
they continued their discussions in correspondence.
The correspondence between them would fill a
file cabinet. Auezov was writing his epic novel
about Abai at that time. He trusted his younger
follower and respected his views and ideas very
much. Auezov would ask Kayum to collect
necessary materials, to meet Abai’s contemporaries
who were still alive, to clarify many archive
documentary details, to check the locations of
Kazakh auls (note: villages), and many other tasks
needed for his writing.
We must note that the correspondence
between Auezov and Mukhamedkhanov was
confiscated by the KGB at Kayum’s arrest in 1951
could have lent more light on the Auezov ‘s creation
of the epic novel “Abai’s Path”, a work that reflects
a significant stage in literary and research life of
the great writer Mukhtar Auezov. This means that a
huge layer of the historical and cultural heritage
disappeared. This unique correspondence was never
returned to Kayum despite the many appeals to KGB
and other officials.
Equally unsuccessful was his appeal on the
same issue in 1981 to the Central Committee of the
Co mmunist Part y of Kazakhstan. Kayum
Mukhamedkhanov wrote:
“…When I was arrested many books from
my personal library and historical documents were
confiscated. Among those documents there were all
letters of Mukhtar Auezov when he wrote the epic
novel “Abai’s Path”. These letters present a special
historical value as I am currently researching
Auezov’s biography. All my previous appeals and
endeavors to receive the letters written by Auezov
to me have been unsuccessful…”
Some draft pieces of Kayum’s letters to the
teacher were preserved. One piece reads:
“Mukhtar-aga!
I have sent to you thorough information based
on the museum’s archives and other sources about
the life and the creative activity of Dolgopolov.
Boris Aleksandrovitch (note: he was Kayum’s
colleague in the museum of Abai) went
to
Moscow to get acquainted with the family and the
relatives of Nifont Ivanovitch Dolgopolov. They
sent us his books as well as the pictures of
Do lgopolov. Last year his daughter wro te
reminiscences about her father that she sent to us
with his pictures too. We have also received a
response on our inquiry from the regional museum
of the city of Gorky. There is a division of
Dolgopolov in that museum. There is a street and a
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hospital named after Dolgopolov in Gorky. All the
above said information speaks for him to live a
dignified life.
We will go on in this search. In a word, we
had better not to listen to the gossip
a b o u t
Dolgopolov. We need to defend him. As for
Jirenshin is concerned, he is alive and he can defend
himself. He will continue sharing his own point of
view…
“I nurtured the dog from a puppy
And I have known its teeth
I taught the archers the art of marksmanship
Аnd I myself have become their target”
(Abai)
June 28, 1950
Kayum”
Today only this small piece of paper can lay
foundations for rigorous research. For example, the
research on Nifont Ivanovitch Dolgopolov - Abai’s
friend as well as a famous doctor and progressive
thinker. He was sent to Semipalatinsk in prison in
1884. Dolgopolov stayed in Abai’s aul from June
through August 1885. When Auezov wrote the epic
novel “Abai’s Path” he used Dolgopolov as a
prototype of the literary hero Fedyor Ivanovitch
Pavlov. It can be a research about the heated
discussions between t he two groups of the
researchers – those who supported the objective
truth in revival of the historic past and the pseudo-
researchers ready to serve the ethnic and political
exercises of the Soviet power. The latter wanted to
portray Abai in the national literary study as a poet
without followers, separated from his environment.
This picture would meet the Party’s expectations.
Or it can be a research about the two Semipalatinsk
researchers of the life and the creative activity of
Abai – Kayum Mukhamedkhanov and Boris
Aleksandrovitch Akerman. And lastly this piece of
the letter makes us to realistically assess the
catastrophic loss of the entire correspondence
between two great people, Mukhtar Auezov and
Kayum Mukhamedkhanov…
But this all will be later. Meanwhile one more
hardship, one more terrifying stage took place in
Kayum’s life. In 1941 the World War II broke out.
And even here Kayum felt how distrustful and
suspicious was the attitude of the power to the
descendants of the “enemies of the nation”. Such
people as Kayum were drafted into the Labor Army.
Kayum served nearby Sverdlo vsk and
Magnitogorsk in 1941-1942. The researcher
wielded a sledge hammer to hollow out solid soil
for building defense fortifications. He gave himself
up to this “black’ labor entirely. At that time the
heavy physical labor took a toll on his health. He
was awarded medal for his labor. Kayum’s younger
brother Mauletkhan was sent to the Northern
submarine fleet. He went missing in the war.
Kayum’s elder brother Kurmangali came back from
the war with serious injuries, shortly after returning
he died in a snowstorm.
In 1942 Mukhamedkhanov was hospitalized
and afterwards demobilized from the Army.
On coming back home Kayum resumed
teaching at the Semipalatinsk Pedagogical Institute
and he was entirely absorbed with creative and
research work.
Kayum’s main research topic, starting from
1939 when a student, through 1950 when a faculty
member of the Semipalatinsk Pedagogical Institute
and the director of Abai’s museum, was “The literary
school of Abai”. For the first time, a thorough
analysis of the creative activity of Abai’s followers
was introduced in academic research, definitely
premier and ground-breaking work. Among Abai’s
followers were Akilbai, Magaviya, Kokpai, Aset,
Arip, Turagul, Kakitai, Aset and many other talented
poets, composers, and musicians. This was the first
systematic work on the generation of the poets,
Abai’s followers. Kayum’ dissertation (318 pages
of the research text and 478 pages of the appendices)
was prepared based on the unpublished manuscripts
of Abai’s followers. Most of these matchless works
were revealed and collected by Kayum himself! He
scoured the countryside, visiting all the places
related to Abai and his followers. He interviewed
those who had known Abai and his followers,
documented his findings and collected their creative
work fragment by fragment, piece by piece. Kayum
found a number of Akilbai’s poems that were
considered lost by that time. The text of Akilbai’s
poem “Zuluz” was a sensational discovery. In the
middle of last century only 104 lines of the poem
were known, but Kayum discovered 140 additional
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lines during his research. Kayum no t only
discovered the romantic poem of Aset “Salikha-
Samen” but also wrote its first analysis.
However, Kayum Mukhamedkhanov did
more than tireless research and meticulous recording
of the oral tradition. For the first time, he formulated
and justified the very fact of the existence of the
literary school of Abai’s followers! This became a
distinctive bridge that connected two sides of abyss:
on the one side there was Abai and on the other one
the Soviet Kazakh literature. A special attention of
the researcher was focused on the accurate and
detailed analysis of the creative assignments that
Abai used in his work with the followers. Equally
important was the research on their collective
discussions of creative works, main genres and
styles of works and the development of free critics.
Mukhamedkhanov showed creative interrelations
of Abai’s followers’ works to Abai’s poetry. He
defined independent value of every poetic creativity
of that generation and their connecting role between
Abai’s heritage and the Kazakh Soviet literature.
It seemed that a young researcher was in store
of triumph: excellent job, priceless discoveries, all
round and thorough analysis… On April 7-th 1951
Mukhamedkhanov presented his research findings
in front of the United Scientific Council of the
Institute of Language and Literature and the Institute
of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the
Academy of the Sciences of the Kazakh Soviet
Socialist Republic. The defense of his dissertation
led to heated discussions that lasted for three days!
This was the beginning of a sharp struggle for Abai
and his followers. The defense of the dissertation
by Kayum reflected the political situation in the
state, in culture and in literature.
Therefore it was quite clear during the defense
of the dissertation that the then philologists – the
servants of the ideology would do everything
possible to root out the very notion of “Abai’s school
of followers” from the research discourse. There
existed only one school, that of Marxism-Leninism.
One can easily see the consequences for
Kayum that the following comment of the professor
Jumaliev during harsh Stalin time could have:
“…the author takes an apolitical position. He
considers Abai’s son Turagul as his follower
whereas Turagul had undergone confiscation in
1928… The author of the dissertation writes that
“Kokpai was the best and the closest friend of
Abai..” Kokpai can never ever be considered to be
Abai’s follower. His poems…are reactionary, he
sings of khan and monarchic movement of
Kasimov… Praising khans is not a good argument
for considering Kokpai as Abai’s follower. The Party
press sets a goal of eliminating any praise of
Kenesary Kasimov”. Equally dangerous sounded
the professor Nurishev who declared that “this work
must be considered as pulling in the soviet research
the anti Marxist views on part of both the author of
the dissertation Mukhamedkhanov and his research
supervisor Auezov”.
The young scholar was blamed for referencing
to Auezov’s works, the latter having had undergone
accusations and imprisonment. The involvement of
the Coryphaeus of the Kazakh literature Sabit
Mukanov with his delicate aesthetics feeling
sounded especially painful and unexpected. A
peaceful research discussion became a rally of
political proclamations. The attackers on Auezov
and Mukhamedkhanov talked on everything but the
research itself. They talked on Lenin and Marx,
feudal times and pan Islamism. With this all the
majority of the attackers , the so called “research
judges” had not even read a piece of work of Abai’s
followers but they all were ready to evaluate its
existence. The stream of frenzied words hindered
many from hearing Auezov’s message:
“You wanted to cancel with one stroke of
your pen all that has been achieved in the research
on Abai. With this no one of you have ever
contributed a bit in this research…Today you are
willing detach Abai from his literary environment.
Instead you should analyze and evaluate this
rigorous research on its own merits. You are doing
all this not for the sake of truth or research but in
order to hurt a young scholar who has been working
seriously on it for twelve years. Today he has
demonstrated that he is undoubtedly a rigorous
scholar and a talented researcher.”
Kedrina, another renowned expert in Kazakh
literature, was also ignored. She argued for the
unique significance of Mukhamedkhanov’s
research topic as it “helps to successfully research
the actual problems of the literary critics. His work
is not an archive research but it is an operational
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mean for the research development.”
In the long run the dissertation was defended.
The attacks continued. Mukhamedkhanov’s
research became in the center of debates on which
major opponent of the research findings became
Sabit Mukanov. Kayum Mukhamedkhanov had to
prove…, not the value of his research but the very
fact of the existence of Abai’s literary school!
In June 1951 Mukhamedkhanov took the floor
with the speech. He said:
“A teacher without pupils is a widower”, Abai
noted in one of his words of wisdom. Abai’s enemies
did not take a risk of lifting their hands against him.
So popular he was among Kazakh people. They
would rather made great efforts to leave him without
followers. By intrigue, intimidation, sending them
away and even killing them “the wolves pack”
deprived Abai of his supporters and followers. They
made some keep silent and some took their side.
Do the debaters understand that by denying the
existence of the literary school of Abai they leave
the teacher without pupils, the poet without readers
of his poetry? They made Abai a widower, a tragic
single man. Do they really see what it means to
neglect Abai, to deny his outstanding role in the
history of our literature and culture? By doing so
they present Abai as an occasional phenomenon
without followers and supporters of his ideas in his
lifetime and after his death.”
On the 13-th of October 1951 a defeating
publicatio n in the republican newspaper
“Kazakhstanskaya Pravda” took place. It
condemned Kayum Mukhamedkhanov for his
wrong research ideas and false concepts: “…some
literary critics of Kazakhstan made rude political
mistakes by prophesying anti research, bourgeois
concepts of the so-called “school of Abai”… It drove
to the following: in April 1951 the united Research
Council on humanities of the Academy of Sciences
of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic accepted
to defend and implemented the defense of the
harmful dissertation of Mukhamedkhanov “Literary
School of Abai”. Under the umbrella of “Abai’s
followers” he praised bourgeois nationalists who
became sharp enemies at the Soviet times.”
Kayum Mukhamedkhanov did not pay heed
to the public “whipping” at the defense of the
dissertation and to the attacks in central press and
by the local Party leaders. No, he did not. And soon
he was harshly punished. The former leader of
Kazakhstan Kunayev wrote in his book “On my
Times”:
“…It is necessary to note that after the war
unjustified repression against the outstanding
representatives of the culture and research of
Kazakhstan did not stop. The famous historians
Bekmakhanov and Suleimenov were arrested and
sentenced to many years of imprisonment. The same
fate followed the philologists Ismailov and
Mukhamedkhanov, the latter being imprisoned for
the “nationalistic mistakes” in the research of the
literary school of Abai.” Kunayev also pointed out
to the activities of the ideological leaders of that
time:
“Shayakhmetov exercised gross faults relating
to the best representat ives of the Kazakh
intelligentsia. The policy became even more severe
and took an acute turn in 1951-1954 when Suzhikov
became the Secretary on Ideology of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party. One can
imagine the impact of the massacre Party resolutions
about anti nation essence of the best epos and
research works of the many philologists, historians
and entire research teams. The best fiction like
Auezov’s epic novel about Abai was strongly
criticized in t he article in the newspaper
“Kazakhstanskaya Pravda” (“Kazakhstan truth”) of
June 1953. The accusations in the press and at public
meetings were followed by actual arrests of the
cultural leaders mentioned above.”
Kayum’s book “The Collection of the Poets’
Works of Abai’s Environment” very soon became a
bibliographic rarity. The foreword to it was written
by Auezov. The biographies were collected,
compiled and the textological commentaries to the
works were prepared by Mukhamedkhanov. This
was a unique monograph based on his dissertation
on Abai’s followers. The book was confiscated and
its whole edition was destroyed. This book had a
chance to see the light only in forty two years when
in 1993 the first volume was published. The fourth
one was published in 1997. These books are now
the fundamentals of the research on Abai and readers
in the Kazakh literature. The names of all Abai’s
followers
t hat
were
researched
by
Mukhamedkhanov are included in all books,
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