Statics and dynamics in language history.
Vowels and consonants are not altered.
The distinction of parts of speech and parts of sentence.
In addition to these universal properties English has many stable characteristics which have proved almost immune to the impact of time. Some parts of the English vocabulary have been preserved through ages; to this stable part belong most of the pronouns, many form words and words indicating the basic concepts of life. Many ways of word formation have remained historically stable. Some grammatical categories (number in nouns, degrees of comparison in adjectives) have suffered little alteration while categories of case and gender have undergone some changes.
The proportion of stable and changeable features varies at different historical periods and at different linguistic levels but we can find statics and dynamics both in synchrony and in diachrony.
We can distinguish 3 main types of difference in language: geographical, social, temporal. Linguistic changes are transformations of the same units in time which can be registered as distinct steps in their evolution.
e.g. OE fundon [fundon]- 12- 13th century -founden [‘fu:ndən] - found ME ( to find-Past Tense)
The concept of linguistic change is not limited to internal, structural changes. It also includes temporal differences in the position of the given unit in language space. A new feature- a word, a form, a sound- can be recognized as a linguistic change only after it has been accepted for general use.
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