The 1-st stage. Pre-listening stage
At this stage the teacher explains the difficulties of the text (the most difficult
sentences, the meaning of separate words), does drill exercises based on the text,
and introduces new words and grammar.
The following activities are done at this stage:
• Introduction of the new words.
• Comprehension assessment of the new words in sentences from the text with
visual illustrations.
• Reading the most difficult sentences.
• Working with the most difficult grammar structures used in the text, their
recognition, differentiation etc.
• Thematic arrangement of the words from the text given on the list.
• Asking all kinds of questions about the most difficult sentences from the
text.
• Lexical test.
• Dictation.
• Reading one of the passages of the audio text.
Pre-listening orientation.
Answer the following questions after listening.
Give the text a title, correct the wrong statements etc.
The 2-nd stage. Listening to the text.
While listening students can do the following activities:
• Make an outline of the text.
• Reproduce the context in which the key word is used.
• Paraphrase.
• Answer the questions.
• Listen to the text again.
• Choose the key words or phrases.
After-listening activities:
• Question-answer exercises.
• Making an outline of retelling the text.
• Word by word, compressed etc. retelling.
• Commentaries on the text.
• Extension of the text.
• Making up a story by analogy.
• Making up a situation based on the text.
• Making up a dialogue based on the text.
• Description of pictures illustrating the contents of the text.
Lecture 10
Teaching reading
1. Reading as a communicative activity.
2. What is efficient reading?
3. The technique or reading.
4. How can we teach efficient reading?
There are many definitions of reading given by researchers. I’ll give you the
definition, given by С.К. Фомкина and З.И. Клычникова:
«Чтение – процесс восприятия и активной переработки информации,
закодированной по системе того или иного языка». (З.И. Клычникова.
Психология особенности обучения чтению на иностранном языке. М. 1973)
The nature of reading and comprehension.
Reading is a process of recognition, interpretation, and perception of written
or printed material.
Comprehension is the understanding of the meaning of the written material
and covers the conscious strategies that lead to understanding.
The process of reading deals with language form, while comprehension, the
end and product, deals with language –content.
Reading is a process of communication from the writer to the reader. It
involves the recognition of letters, words, phrases, and clauses, and in some
respects, it can be considered a simpler process that comprehension.
Comprehension, on the other hand, is a process of negotiating understanding
between the reader and the writer. It is more complex psychological process and
includes linguistic factors, such as phonological, morphological, syntactic, and
semantic elements, in addition to cognitive and emotional factors. The reader
receives information from the author through the words, sentences, paragraphs, and
so forth, and tries to understand the inner feelings of the writer.
What abilities and skills are important in developing reading comprehension?
Researches state six general component skills, and knowledge areas of reading as a
process.
• Automatic recognition skills.
• Vocabulary and structural knowledge.
• Formal discourse structure knowledge.
• Content/word background knowledge.
• Synthesis and evaluation skill/strategies.
• Meta cognitive knowledge and skills
Reasons for reading
Take 5 minutes to list all different kinds of things you have read recently.
Don’t forget to include things like telephone directory, tables, maps, timetable,
notices, letters, instructions, etc.
Now think about the things you have listed.
Why did you read each one?
What did you want to get from it?
Was it information only?
How did your various reasons for reading influence the way you read?
Did you red the telephone directory in the same way as the newspaper?
What was the difference?
We conclude that the way you read is influenced by your purpose in reading.
The quick scanning of a page in the telephone directory to find a single name is
very different from the careful attention you paid to each word in a legal document.
The difference in the speeds you used was no doubt very noticeable. What ever the
reason for reading were (excluding the reading concerned with language learning),
it is unlikely that you were interested in the pronunciation of what you read and it
is even less unlikely that you were interested in the grammatical structures used.
You read because the grammatical structures used. You read because you wanted to
get something, a message, you communicated with the writer.
The communication process
Message
?
Written
Spoken
It is a very simple model of communication . On the left is the writer (the
encoder). He has a message in his mind, which somebody else to share. To make it
possible he must put it into words: encode it. When encoded the text is available
for the mind of another person, who decodes the message it contains. Why a (?)
We cannot be sure that he has received the message that was intended. It is
important that the reader and the writer should have certain things in common if
communication between them is to take place they should write ad understand the
same code, that is the same language and a command of that language: for example
if the reader has a far smaller vocabulary than the writer, he will find the text
difficult to understand. One more requirement is that the writer and the reader
should share certain assumptions about the world and the way it works.
Naturally, there is always a
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