Национальной академии наук республики казахстан

Известия Национальной академии наук Республики Казахстан  
 
 
   
94  
[2]  Рациональное использование водных и энергетических ресурсов Центральной Азии на период до 2020 г. – Биш-
кек: СПЕКА (Специальная программа для экономик государств Центральной Азии ЕЭК ООН), 2001. 
[3]  Касымова В.М. Энергоэффективность и устойчивое развитие Кыргызской Республики. – Бишкек, 2005. – 268 с.  
[4]  Развитие сотрудничества по адаптации к изменению климата в бассейнах рек Чу и Талас (Казахстан и Кыргыз-
стан): основной отчет. – 2014. – 102 с. 
[5]  Урановые  хвостохранилища  в  Центральной  Азии:  национальные  проблемы,  региональные  последствия,  гло-
бальное решение // Информационные материалы к Бишкекской региональной конференции 21–24 апреля 2009 г. – Биш-
кек, 2009. – 81 с. 
 
REFERENCES 
 
[1] Soglashenie mezhdu Pravitel'stvami stran-uchastnic SNG o vzaimodejstvii v oblasti jekologii i ohrany okruzhajushhej 
prirodnoj sredy, a takzhe Protokol o vnesenii izmenenij v Soglashenie o vzaimodejstvii v oblasti jekologii i ohrany okruzhajushhej 
prirodnoj sredy. Moskva, 8 fevralja 1992 g. 
[2] Racional'noe ispol'zovanie vodnyh i jenergeticheskih resursov Central'noj Azii na period do 2020 g. Bishkek: SPEKA 
(Special'naja programma dlja jekonomik gosudarstv Central'noj Azii EJeK OON), 2001. 
[3]  Kasymova V.M. Jenergojeffektivnost' i ustojchivoe razvitie Kyrgyzskoj Respubliki. Bishkek, 2005. 268 p.  
[4] Razvitie sotrudnichestva po adaptacii k izmeneniju klimata v bassejnah rek Chu i Talas (Kazahstan i Kyrgyzstan): 
osnovnoj otchet. 2014. 102 p. 
[5] Uranovye hvostohranilishha v Central'noj Azii: nacional'nye problemy, regional'nye posledstvija, global'noe reshenie // 
Informacionnye materialy k Bishkekskoj regional'noj konferencii 21–24 aprelja 2009 g. Bishkek, 2009. 81 p. 
 
 
М. А. Хуснитдинова 
 
ЖШС «География институты», Алматы, Қазақстан 
 
ҚАЗАҚСТАН-ҚЫРҒЫЗСТАН ШЕКАРА АРАЛЫҚ СЕКТОРЫ АУМАҒЫНДА  
ТАБИҒАТТЫ ТИІМДІ ПАЙДАЛАНУ ҮШІН ТАБИҒАТ ҚОРҒАУ ІС-ШАРАЛАРЫ 
 
Аннотация. Мақалада  қазақстан-қырғызстан  шекара маңы  секторының  негізгі  табиғатты  қорғау  мəсе-
лелері қарастырылған, олар өткізілген далалық зерттеулер барысында анықталған. Шекара шектес аумақтағы 
табиғи ортаның ландшафттық-экологиялық жағдайын тұрақты дамытуды реттеуге арналған табиғатты қорғау 
іс-шаралар кешені ұсынылған. 
Түйін сөздер: табиғатты қорғау іс-шаралары, табиғатты тиімді пайдалану, шекара аралық аумақ, қазақ-
стан-қырғызстан шекара аралық секторы. 
 
 
 

ISSN 2224-5278                                                                                 Серия геологии  и технических наук. № 6. 2016 
 
 
95 
Технические науки
 
 
 
 
 
 
N E W S 
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 
SERIES OF GEOLOGY AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES 
ISSN 2224-5278 
Volume 6, Number 420 (2016), 95 – 101
 
 
 
UDK 665.6/7+ 691.322 + 625.7 
 
N. A. Bektenov, E. E. Ergozhin, K. A. Sadykov, A. K. Baydullayeva 
 
A. B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences JSC, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 
E-mail: bekten_1954@list.ru 
 
HIGH POTENTIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS BASED  
ON PETROLEUM WASTES 
 
Abstract. This article presents the description of production processes of soil-concrete mixtures using petro-
leum wastes (petroleum-contaminated soils). Physicochemical and mechanical properties of petroleum-contaminated 
soils and soil-concrete samples have been researched. These products can be used for construction of bottom and top 
beds of highway and airport foundations as well as for ground stabilization. 
Key words: soil-concrete, petroleum wastes, petroleum-contaminated soils (PCS), road construction. 
 
1. Introduction. The problem of disposal of petroleum wastes accumulated as a result of activities of 
oil and gas enterprises has become very important these days first of all because of increased production 
volumes of petroleum industry. Development of effective ways of utilization will make possible con-
version of hazardous wastes into valuable and safe products. It is a known fact that the drilling of oil wells 
leads to a severe contamination of soil and ground water with drill cuttings containing hydrocarbons, 
heavy metals and polymers, and that spilling of oil during production is associated with negative 
occurrences leading to devastation of soil and petroleum contamination of massive land areas. Oil wastes 
and petroleum-contaminated soils cause significant damage to environment [1, 2]. 
The most promising way to solve these problems is development of new technologies able to reclaim 
environment by using wastes to enhance quality of construction products. The wastes contain water and 
components that can increase the quality or partially replace expensive bitumen in asphalt concrete. 
Petroleum-contaminated soil may be considered as non-expensive road construction material that can be 
used for construction of frost blankets of roads and sidewalks as well as soil stabilizer in oil pipeline 
construction.  
Research literature these days pays considerable attention to the issue of the use of local raw mate-
rials in production of new versions of concrete and soil-concrete. It is a known fact that cheap material 
leads to a cheaper end product. In our research, according to the present requirements, use of local 
Kazakhstani raw materials and wastes in production of soil-concrete and cement concrete is very impor-
tant matter. The research utilized petroleum-contaminated soil obtained from Zhanauzen oilfields, marble 
cuttings from Mangistau region, different slags, brick pieces, asbestos wastes, pieces of glass and indus-
trial wastes from Khromtau in Aktobe region[3-5]. 
The purpose of the research is development of technology of production of soil-concrete mixtures 
based on available and affordable raw materials – petroleum industry wastes, examination of physico-
chemical properties to define the most promising areas of their practical use. 

Известия Национальной академии наук Республики Казахстан  
 
 
   
96  
2. Materials and Methods. Soil-concrete was prepared in the following way: petroleum-con-
taminated soil 30-55% by mass was mixed with Portland cement (15% by mass), sand 25% by mass, lime 
5% by mass, industrial-construction wastes 30% by mass (tiles, shells, bricks, marble) in a mixer. Then 
water was added and the mixture was mixed to make homogenous grout. 
Then mixture was poured into a mould and compacted with a metal stick or vibrator, which can be 
used when the mixture had a liquid or semi-liquid consistency. 
Q-1000/D MOM (Budapest) derivatograph designed by F. Paulik, J. Paulik and L. Erdey was used 
for thermal analysis of the tested sample. The data was collected in air environment at 20-1000
о
С, with 
dynamic heating mode (dT/dt = 10 degrees/min), calibration standard sample – heat-treatedАl
2
O
3
,weight 
of the sample – 100 mg, balance sensitivity – 500 μV. Measuring sensitivity of the instrument systems: 
DTA = 250 μV, DTG = 500 μV, Т = 500 μV. 
3. Results and Discussion. We researched the composition and structure of raw material (petroleum-
contaminated soil) to be used for production of soil-concrete. 
Physicochemical properties of petroleum-contaminated soil obtained from Zhanauzen were determi-
ned by the way of IR spectroscopy (Figure 1). 1250 cm
-1 
shows the presence of organic-silicon compounds 
Si(CH
3
)
3
. 
 
 
 
Figure 1 – IR spectrum, Zhanauzen petroleum-contaminated soil 
 
There are also absorption bands at 2952, 2891, 2859, 1459cm
-1
, associated with alkyl substituent’s 
and СН
3
, СН
2
groups. Frequencies in the range of 3000 and3022 cm
-1
are typical for rich amines and amine 
salts (-NH
4
+
). The bands at 3646.2 3573.0 cm
-1
, are associated with free hydroxyl groups. Absorption 
spectrum at 1674 cm
-1
is the same for α, β–unsaturated ketones. 
There is absorption band spectrum at 1083.1 cm
-1
, typical for sulphates (asymmetric valence vibra-
tions). At the frequency of 1604 cm
-1
there is a presence of –СОО
- 
carboxylates (asymmetric and symmet-
ric valence vibrations С-О), at 1459 cm
-1
– carbonates, at 1250 cm
-1
– nitrites (NO
2
), at 975 cm
-1
 – silicates 
and at 1016, 1083 cm
-1
– phosphates and sulphates. In the range of 2859 cm
-1
and 3060 cm
-1
 is typical for 
unsaturated alkenes and aromatic compounds (valence vibrations of methyl group). The bands in the range 
of 541, 605 cm
-1
,relevant to the valence vibration of C-Slink, which can point to the presence of sulfoxides 
and mercaptans and respective derivatives. 
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Wavenumbers (cm-1)

ISSN 2224-5278                                                                                 Серия геологии  и технических наук. № 6. 2016 
 
 
97 
X-ray diffraction analysis of Zhanauzen petroleum-contaminated soil showed different minerals 
besides organic substances. Interpretation of X-ray diffraction analysis with the use of international 
reference materials showed such basic minerals as feldspars, serpentines, calcites. 
Figure 2 shows that Zhanauzen petroleum-contaminated soil contains 30% of carbon atoms, 65% of 
oxygen atoms, mineral substance include 0.25-1.51% of magnesium, calcium, aluminum, silicon as salts 
and oxides. 
 
    
 
 
Figure 2 – X-ray diffraction analysis and chemical composition  
of Zhanauzen petroleum-contaminated soil 
 
Several samples of soil-concrete were prepared with the use of different construction wastes. 
Zhanauzen petroleum-contaminated soil was used along with construction wastes such as tiles, slags, 
bricks, shells, asbestos and glass pieces. Use of these materials in concrete production reduces the costs 
and helps in saving natural resources. The use and utilization of these wastes helps environmental protec-
tion.These concrete products can be used in road construction (sidewalks, highway beds) and in civil 
engineering. 
Electron-microscopic analysis of the samples of soil-concrete was done with a scanning electron 
microscope (JEOL JSM – 6390 LV, JED 2300) and structural image was received at 10, 100 и 500 μm. 
Figure 3 shows microstructure of the soil-concrete received with a scanning electronic microscope. It 
is possible to track the morphology of the soil-concrete surface using these pictures with different 
magnification of concrete particles. 
Processing of the data defines the following: 
1.  Size of the particles from 20 to 400 μm 
2.  Particle structure – porous 
3.  Chemical composition, % by mass: carbon - 7.55; oxygen - 29.64; calcium-43.56; sodium - 0.33, 
aluminum - 2.15, magnesium - 0.70, sulphur - 2.99, silicon - 13.09 and small amount of phosphorous. 
 In the sample, in which the shells were used, the isolated isometric, sometimes oval pores were 
found (Figure 3). There are also few oval-shaped big pores (up to 40 μm) and isometric pores of “channel” 
type. It would seem that these pores are responsible for water adsorption. 
Like all of tested soil-concrete samples, the sample with added glass pieces (Figure 4) has porous 
uneven structure with scarce inclusions of filler particles. Virtually ideal spherical shape of glass particles 
can be seen, which has a positive impact on physical and mechanical properties of composites. Glass 
pieces and fragments of big spheres can be also seen. Amorphous nature of glass bound by cement grout 
with mineral material provides strong structure resulting in better mechanical properties of soil-concrete. 
In the samples with added ash and slag wastes, narrow slot-like pores as well as groups of connected 
irregular pores were found (Figure 5). There is also small quantity of isometric closed pores but they are 
relatively insignificant for the general structure porosity. Slot-like pores normally are bent, crescent-
shaped but some straight pores can also be seen. Availability of small cells in the structure provides good 
insulating properties of concrete. 
X-ray diffraction analysis of soil-concrete sample (Table 1) was done on D8 Advance (Bruker), α-Cu, 
40 kv tube voltage, 40 mA current. EVA software was used for processing of diffraction patterns and cal-
culation of planar spacing. Search/match software was used for interpretation and phase searching based 
on PDF-2 powder diffractometric Database. The following minerals were defined. 

Известия Н
 
Национально
Figure 
Figure 4 –
ой академии н
 
3 – Electronic i
– Electronic ima
наук Республи
image and elem
age and elemen
ики Казахста
   
98  
     
 
 
mental composit
 
 
     
 
 
ntal composition
ан  
tion of soil-con
n of soil-concre
ncrete with adde
ete with added g
 
ed shells 
 
 
glass pieces 
 

ISSN 2224-5278                                                                                 Серия геологии  и технических наук. № 6. 2016 
 
 
99 
     
 
 
 
 
Figure 5 – Electronic image and elemental composition of soil-concrete  
with added ashes and slag wastes from Almaty Heat Power Plant 
 
 
Table 1 – X-ray analysis of soil-concrete with petroleum-contaminated soil 
 
№ Compound 
Name 
Chemical formula 
S-Q 
1 Calcite 
CaCO
3 
31.6 
2 Microcline 
KAlSi
3
O
8 
20.2 
3 Quartz, 
syn 
SiO
2 
13 
4 Albite, 
ordered 
NaAlSi
3
O
8
 12.7 
5 Calcium 
Silicate 
Ca
3
SiO
5
 12.1 
6 Anhydrite 
CaSO
4
 4.7 
7 Ettringite 
Ca
6
(Al(OH)
6
)
2
(SO
4
)
3
(H
2
O)
26 
1.7 
8 Portlandite, 
syn 
Ca(OH)
2 
1.7 
9 
Akermanite, magnesian, syn 
Ca
2
(Mg
0,75
Al
0,25
)(Si
1,75
Al
0,25
О
7
) 1.3 
10 Lizardite-1M 
Mg
3
(Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4
) 1 
 
Differential thermal and thermal gravimetric analysis resulted in definition of sample thermal 
behavior and it’s elemental composition (Figure 6). Thermal chemistry parameters of the tested sample 
showed approximate resemblance to the composition and thermal chemical properties of standard 
concretes.  
Interpretation of differential thermal and thermal gravimetric curves of tested sample showed 
(directly and indirectly) presence of siliceous rocks (quartz, feldspar, potassium feldspar), carbonate 
minerals (as calcite (14.7%) and magnesite (<1%)with the traces of iron oxides and calcite. Several links 
of molecular (Н
2
О) and hydroxyl (OH) water were found among above formations. As well as carbon 
dioxide in gaseous state resulting from dissociation of СаСО
3
.  

Известия Национальной академии наук Республики Казахстан  
 
 
   
100  
 
 
Figure 6 – Thermogram ofsoil-concrete sample 
 
Most of molecular and hydroxyl water (~90%) was added during the mixing of soil-concrete, and 
only a little portion of hydrates (<10%) was the part of the components structure. The most illustrative fact 
proving water presence in the sample body would be prominent endothermic peaks on DTA and DTG 
curves found at 90 and 400
о
С, related to the discharge of Δm
1
=1.75(Н
2
О) and Δm
3
=0.2(ОН) %, respec-
tively. 
Same curves in other temperature ranges donot provide adequate data on the presence of water in the 
system. Only thermal gravimetric curve (TG) at 220-375and 430-575
о
Сrecorded slight weight loss asso-
ciated with the change of massbyΔm
2
=0.4(ОН) andΔm
4
=1/2·0.5 (ОН) %. 
The most intensive thermal reactions out of all registered during the test is the one in high tempe-
rature range. It was a result of calcium carbonate dissociation into CaO andСО
2
.At the range of 675-800
о
С 
the system has the weight loss of Δm
4
=9.45% in the form of СО
2
, leaving prominent peaks on DTA and 
DTG curves at 780
о
С. In accordance with stoichiometry of СаСО
3
and amount of lost carbon dioxide, the 
content of calcite in the sample is 14.7%. 
There is also some (0.5%) magnesite found due to slight dip of DTG curve at 430-575
о
С. In this 
temperature range, the weight loss is 0.5%, 0.25% of which is due to СО
2
. 
Presence of quartz and Si, Ca, Mg, Feoxides was defined by blurred peak of polymorphic transfor-
mationα-SiO
2
 into β-version and by residual principle of decomposition products. 
The test date (Table 2) showed good compressive strength of water saturated samples aged for 28 
days equal to 5,52-3,05 MPa, tensile bending strength of 2,25-3,05 MPa. 
 
Table 2 – Specification of soil-concrete based onpetroleum-contaminated soil (PCS) 
 
Composition, % 
Compressive strength  
of water saturated samples 
aged for 28 days, MPa 
Tensile bending strength  
of water saturated samples 
aged for 28 days, MPa 
PCS Cement Sand  Lime  Shells  Slag  Bricks Glass Tiles
55 15 25 5 – – – – – 
5.52 
2.65 
30 15 25 – 30 –  –  – – 
7.45 
3.02 
30 15 25 –  – 30 –  – – 
7.43 
2.98 
30 15 25 –  –  – 30 – – 
6.66 
2.36 
30 15 25 – – – – 30 
– 
7.12 
2.25 
30 15 25 – – – – – 
30 
7.83 
3.05 

ISSN 2224-5278                                                                                 Серия геологии  и технических наук. № 6. 2016 
 
 
101 
4. Conclusion. Based on the above figures, one can conclude that soil-concrete mixtures have wide 
potential use. They can be used for bottom and top layers of highway and airport pavements, soil reinfor-
cement during the construction of pipelines. Stabilization of industrial wastes with the help of cementing 
material increases opportunities of the use of soil-concrete, allowing vast stocks of widespread environ-
ment-threatening wastes to be utilized.  
The work was designed by the Committee of Science of Kazakhstan. 
The work was done by The Ministry of education and science of the Republic Kazakhstan project No. 1447/ГФ4 
"Development of technology for dirt - asphalt mix for road construction" for the 2015–2016 year. 
 
REFERENCES 
 
[1] Zhubandykova Zh.U. Development of the method of remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils using solar energy. 
Almaty, 2009. 150 p. (in Russ.). 
[2] Mansurov Z.A., Ongarbaev E.K., Tuleutaev B.K. Contamination of soil by crude oil and drilling muds. Use of wastes by 
production of road construction materials. Chemistry and technology of fuels and oils. 2001.Vol. 37, N 6. P. 441-443 (in Eng.). 
[3] Brekhman A.I., Khabibullina E.N., Ilyina O.N., Fomin A.Y. Trifonov A.A. Use of oil sludge in road construction in the 
Republic of Tatarstan. Collection of research papers “Today’s scientific and technical problems in the field of civil engineering”. 
Kazan: KazGASU, 2007. P. 161-162 (in Russ.). 
[4] Ahmet Tuncan, Mustafa Tuncan, Hakan Koyuncu. Use of petroleum-contaminated drilling wastes as sub-base material 
for road construction. Waste Management and Research. 2000. Vol. 18. P. 489-505 (in Eng.). 
 [5] Mogawer W.S., Stuart K.D. Effects of fillers on properties of stone matrix asphalt mixtures. TRB. 1996. N 1530. P. 86-
94 (in Eng.). 
 
 
Н. А. Бектенов, Е. Е. Ергожин, К. А. Садыков, А. К. Байдуллаева 
 
АО «Институт химических наук им. А. Б. Бектурова», Алматы, Казахстан 
 
СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ БЕТОННЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ  

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