PARTICIPLES
(Причастия)
Причастие
Признак
Член предложения
Перевод
Простые формы причастия
Participle I
(Present
Participle)
(причастие
настоящего
времени)
-ing
1. Определение
I like films showing the life of
famous people.
(Мне нравятся фильмы,
показывающие жизнь
знаменитых людей)
Действительные
причастия:
- ущ, - ющ
- ащ, - ящ
2. Обстоятельство
Traveling about the country he
saw a lot of interesting things.
(Путешествуя по стране, он
видел много интересного)
Деепричастия
наст. времени: -
а, - я
Participle II (Past
Participle)
(причастие
прошедшего
времени)
а) ed
b) V
3
форма
глагола
Определение
We were impressed by the
events described in this article.
(События, описанные в
статье, произвели на нас
большое впечатление)
Страдательные
причастия:
- ный, - нн
Сложные формы причастия
Participle I
(Passive)
Being +
Participle II
(V
3
)
Определение
The house being built in in our
street is very good.
(Дом, строящийся на нашей
улице, очень хороший)
Причастный
оборот
Participle I
(Perfect Active)
(выражает
предшествование)
Having +
Participle II
(V
3
)
Обстоятельство
Having read the book the boy
returned it to the library.
(Прочитав книгу, мальчик
возвратил еѐ в библиотеку)
Having lost the key, they
couldn't enter the room.
(Потеряв ключ, они не могли
войти в комнату)
Деепричастия
прош. времени:
- в
- вш
Participle I
(Perfect Passive)
Having
been +
Participle II
(V
3
)
Having been given the toy the
child stopped crying.
(После того как ребѐнку дали
игрушку, он перестал плакать)
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Grammar Activities (Participles)
Exercise 1 Choose the correct answer.
1. … in her thoughts, she did not hear the tap on her door. A. absorb
B. absorbing
C. absorbed
D. to absorb
2. Dorian heard him first … something and then … after him.
A. crying, hurrying
B. cried, hurried
C. cry, hurry
D. to cry, to hurry
3. ―What is that?‖ asked the painter, ... his eyes fixed on the ground.
A. kept
B. keeping
C. keep
D. to keep
4. I was impatient to be home, … away for over a month. A. was
B. been
C. having already been
D. to be
5. I woke to hear the rain drops … windowpanes. A. lashed
B. lashing
C. to lash
D. lash
6. … all this, I left them the following day and went on board the ship.
A. Do
B. Doing
C. Having done
D. To do
7. It is very … to hear bad news. A. depressed
B. much depressing
C. depressing
D. much depressed
8. It is known that … water is not safe for drinking. A. polluting
B. polluted
95
C. having been polluted
9. He failed to settle the matter, … quite an inexperienced manager. A. while being
B. having been
C. being
D. when being
10. They were looking at the castle … centuries ago and admired its beauty.
A. built
B. building
C. to build
D. build
11. The boys … for the team are very happy now. A. which chosen
B. having been chosen
C. who were chosen
D. chosen
Exercise 2 Choоse the correct word.
1. The news telling/told by Simon was extraordinary important. 2. I consider her to be a
boring/bored teacher. 3. We were totally surprising/surprised by the findings. 4. The revolver
using/used in the murder hasn‘t been found so far. 5. They were standing on the bridge
connecting/connected the two parts of the town. 6. The professor gave the students a
challenging/challenged assignment and they had to do it as soon as possible. 7. When the team is
losing a game, it‘s a losing/lost team. 8. People expect our electing/elected officials to be honest. 9.
The people inhabiting/inhabited the village are mostly old men and women. 10. The
injuring/injured man was put into the ambulance. 11. Children loving/loved by their parents are
more self-assured.
Exercise 3 Translate into English.
1. Боб считает работу менеджера достаточно стрессовой и утомительной. 2. Поскольку
фильм был очень скучным, они переключили канал. 3. Раненая нога заставила его хромать. 4.
Диана хочет постричь волосы коротко. 5. Когда его спросили, сдал ли он на права, Оскар
печально покачал головой. 6. Мальчик, который сидел вчера за столом напротив нас – брат
Хилари. 7. Проработав на эту компанию много лет, Кит заработал много денег и смог купить
дом на юге Франции. 8. Зная, как она любит Паваротти, я купил ей билет на его концерт. 9.
Медленно попивая кофе, он обдумывал свою проблему. 10. Ограбив банк, грабители
пытались скрыться от преследующей их полиции. 11. Поскольку шоу было хорошо
разрекламировано, на него пришло много людей.
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Test yourself (Participles)
1. She put the plate with … fish in front of me.
A. frying
B. fried
C. having fried
2. I was looking at the castle … many centuries ago.
A. having built
B. built
C. building
3. … I was standing and looking at the masterpiece.
A. amazed
B. amazing
C. having amazed
4. The day … piercing cold, he had no desire to leave the house.
A. been
B. being
C. having been
5. The boy lay … when the doctor came.
A. sleeping
B. slept
C. having slept
6. His story … , he leaned back and sighed.
A. telling
B. told
C. having told
7. The cathode … , the electrons leave the surface and move to the anode.
A. heated
B. heating
C. having heated
8. She stood silent, her lips … together.
A. having pressed
B. pressed
C. pressing
9. He stood with his arms … .
97
A. folding
B. folded
C. having folded
10. Weather … we shall go for a walk.
A. permitted
B. permitting
C. having permitted
11. All the preparations … we started.
A. being done
B. been done
C. having been done
12. The resistance … very high, the current in the circuit was very low.
A. been
B. being
C. having been
13. The sun … an hour before, it was getting darker.
A. set
B. having set
C. setting
14. Pale lipped, his heart … , he followed the doctor.
A. beaten
B. beating
C. having beaten
15. Paul sat, with his chin … on his hand.
A. rest
B. resting
C. having rested
16. … everything, he threw himself on the armchair and fell asleep immediately.
A. done
B. having done
C. doing
17. Who is that student … the test?
A. do
B. doing
C. having done
18. I'm listening to the professor ... his lecture.
98
А. delivers
В. delivering
С. delivered
19. The problem ... caused a great deal of disagreement.
А. discussing
В. being discussed
С. discuss
20. He noticed that ... he had made some unforgivable mistakes.
А. writing an article
В. written an article
С. being written an article
21. The doctor palpated a patient's ... arm.
А. broken
В. breaking
С. having broken
22. ... a number of patients, a researcher wrote a dissertation.
А. Investigated
В. Investigates
С. Having investigated
23. The businessman left the room ... on his cell phone.
А. speaking
В. having speaking
С. spoken
24. There were some students ... in the lab.
А. having worked
В. worked
С. working
25. This monograph is still very important, though ... twenty years ago.
А. publishing
В. having been published
С. being published
26. … in the morning, they have been staying here for some hours.
А. Having come
В. Coming
С. Have come
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Unit 15. Look, Read and Remember
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES(Условные предложения)
Тип
Условие
Время
действия
Примеры
I
Real
Future
If I have time, I will go for a walk.
(Если у меня будет время, я пойду на прогулку).
II
Unreal
Present
If I had time now, I would go for a walk.
(Если бы у меня было время сейчас, я бы пошѐл на прогулку).
Future
If I saw my friend tomorrow, I would ask him about it.
(Если бы я увидел моего друга завтра, я бы спросил его об этом).
III
Unreal
Past
If I had had time yesterday, I would have gone for a walk.
(Если бы у меня было время вчера, я пошѐл бы на прогулку).
ZERO CONDITIONAL
If + Present Simple, Present Simple
Zero conditional sentences refer to ―all time‖, not just the present or future. They
express the situation that is always true. (Такие предложения не относятся
конкретно к настоящему или будущему времени, они выражают ситуацию,
которая является правдивой всегда, либо выражает непреклонную истину).
If в таких предложениях имеет значение when.
If you spend over 20$ at the supermarket, you get a 5% discount.
(Когда вы тратите в супермаркете свыше 20 $, вы получаете 5% скидку).
If the tooth isn't ill, it isn`t extracted.
(Когда зуб не болен, его не удаляют).
FIRST CONDITIONAL
If(or unless) + Present Simple, will + infinitive (without to)
Unless= if…not
First Conditional — выражает возможные условия и вероятный результат в
будущем.
+
If I work hard, I'll (will) pass my exams.
(Если я буду усердно работать, я сдам мои экзамены).
-
If you are late, I won't (will not) wait for you.
(Если ты будешь поздно, я не буду тебя ждать).
?
What will you do if you don't go to the university?
(Что вы будете делать, если не пойдѐте в университет?)
Future Time Clauses
Возможно употребление союзов времени (when, as, as soon as, before, after,
until) вместо if в придаточной части предложения, по форме эти предложения
совпадают с First Conditional, но по смыслу они не являются условными.
When (когда)
As (как)
As soon as (как только)
+ Present Simple, will + infinitive (without to)
After (после)
Before (до)
Until (до тех пор пока не)
100
When our guests arrive, we`ll eat. As soon as I have some news, I`ll phone you.
I`ll do my work after I have a bath. I`ll speak to you again, before I leave.
We`ll stay here until the rain stops.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
if + Past Simple, would + infinitive (without to)
1. Second conditional – выражает нереальное или невероятное условие и его
вероятный результат в настоящем или будущем.
Если бы ..., то бы ... .
+
If I had more money I would buy a new car.
(Если бы у меня было больше денег, я бы купил новую машину).
-
If I didn't have so many debts, I wouldn't have to work so hard.
(Если бы у меня не было столько долгов, я бы не вынужден был работать так усердно).
?
What would you do if you had a day off?
(Что бы ты сделал, если бы у тебя был выходной день?)
2. Употребление других модальных глаголов вместо would возможно в главной
части предложения в Second Conditional sentences:
I could buy some new clothes if I had some money.
If I saved a little every week, I might be able to save up for a car.
3. Часто употребляется were вместо was с I, he, she в придаточной части
предложения в Second Conditional sentences:
WAS WERE
If I were you, I'd (would) go to bed. (На твоѐм месте, я бы пошѐл спать).
If he were rich, he wouldn`t have to work. (Если бы он был богат, ему не
пришлось бы работать).
If I were Prime Minister, I would increase tax for rich people.
(Если бы я был Премьер-Министром, я бы увеличил налог на богатых людей).
THIRD CONDITIONAL
if + Past Perfect, would + Present Perfect
(had+V
3
)
(have+V
3
)
Third Conditional – выражает нереальное или невероятное условие и его
результат в прошлом.
+
If I had seen you yesterday, I would have said (told) the news.
(Если бы я увидел тебя вчера, я бы рассказал новости).
-
If I hadn't seen you yesterday, I wouldn't have said (told) the news.
(Если бы я не увидел тебя вчера, я бы не рассказал тебе новости).
?
Would you have told the news, if you had seen me yesterday?
(Ты бы рассказал мне новости, если бы увидел меня вчера?)
Yes, I would. No, I wouldn't.
Да, рассказал бы. Нет, не рассказал бы.
101
Grammar Activities (Conditionals)
Exercise 1 Choose the correct answer.
1. You had better … and take them if you want my books. A. come
B. to come
C. came
D. would come
2. Herbert watched her as though he … under water. A. moved
B. had moved
C. is moving
D. was moving
3. Todd wished he … Janine that mushy letter. A. wouldn‘t write
B. didn‘t write
C. won‘t write
D. had not written
4. If she … Mason‘s offer, she wouldn‘t have to worry about paying the bills.
A. accepts
B. will accept
C. accepted
D. would accept
5. I know that particular fact about myself and I wish it … true. A. wasn‘t
B. had been
C. isn‘t
D. didn‘t
6. If you have a million pounds, what … you … to buy? A. will, like
B. would, like
C. would, had liked
D. shall, like
7. If there … an explosion, I would have been blown away. A. were
B. had been
C. has been
D. was
8. But would she have married him if he … poor? A. is
B. has been
C. had been
D. was
9. Luke continued staring at the command ship as if he … in some silent dialogue.
102
A. was engaged
B. has engaged
C. engaged
D. is engaged
10. And if I … well, Daddy, I should go to school. A. had been
B. was
C. be
D. am
Exercise 2 Put the verbs in brackets in the right form.
1. Plants die if you (not/water) them. 2. If I had one million dollars, I (probably/buy) a yacht. 3.
How did it happen that you missed you stop? – I (not/miss) if the conductor (announce) the stops. 4.
What a pity my husband is away! If he (be) here, he (help) me. 5. If I (get up) early tomorrow
morning, I (go) jogging. 6. You look tired. If I (be) you, I (take) a holiday. 7. If Benjamin Franklin
(not/work) so hard, he (not/become) the symbol of America. 8. Did you say anything when he asked
you? – No, I didn‘t. You see, if I (say) even a word, he (fly) into a range. 9. Would it be right if I
(come) round at about six? 10. If you (not/be) at a loose end last month, you (pass) your exam. But
you failed it. 11. If the water (be heated) to 100ºC, it (boil). 12. If pigs (have) wings, they (fly). 13. I
(do) the same if I (be) in your shoes. 14. If I (see) her, I (speak) to her. But I didn‘t see her. 15.
Hurry up! We (not/get) good seats if we (arrive) late. 16. If I (know) that you were coming, I (meet)
you at the airport. 17. If Columbus (not/have) such a passion for travelling, he (not discover)
America in 1492. 18. Robby, look at the man! If he (work) harder at school, he (not/sweep) the
streets now. 19 He only wished he (meet) her ten or twelve years before. 20. You looked as though
you (have) nice time last night.
Exercise 3 Translate into English
1. Если бы Паркеры были богатыми, они бы предложили помощь тем людям, которые
страдают. 2. На твоѐм месте я бы искал другую работу. 3. Жаль, что Джон не сдал тест на
вождение автомобиля. 4. Если вам нужна информация, позвоните нам. 5. Даже если бы шѐл
дождь, они бы наслаждались прогулкой в лесу. 6. Если бы ты прислушался к моим советам,
ты бы не потерял все свои деньги. 7. Саймон жалел, что продал своѐ авто. Если бы он этого
не сделал, то мог бы сейчас сесть в машину и поехать куда-нибудь. 8. Если бы не моя
соседка, которая живѐт рядом, я бы не смогла спасти собаку. 9. Если бы у нас были деньги,
мы бы смогли открыть своѐ дело. 10. Когда я вижу его, я начинаю дрожать от страха. 11. Мы
купим тебе новый мобильный, как только ты сдашь экзамены хорошо.
103
Test yourself (Conditionals)
1. If you … late, you … for classes.
A. get up, are late
B. get up, will be late
C. will get up, are late
2. When winter … to Ukraine, it … cold.
A. comes, will become
B. comes, becomes
C. will come, will become
3. If you … me up, I … tell you something important.
A. will ring, will tell
B. will ring, tell
C. ring, will tell
4. If the weather … , we … play outside.
A. was fine, will play
B. will be fine, would play
C. was, would play
5. If you … the test well, I … happy.
A. did, am
B. have done, would be
C. did, would be
6. If my father … earlier, we … dinner together.
A. comes, will cook
B. will come, will cook
C. come, would cook
7. If you … free, we … for a walk to the central park.
A. were, would have gone
B. are, would go
C. had been, would have gone
8. If he … English, he … a well-paid job.
A. knows, would get
B. would know, would have got
C. knew, would get
9. If the temperature of water … 100˚C, it … .
104
A. will be, will boil
B. were, boiled
C. is, boils
10. You … surprised if I … such a mistake.
A. are, make
B. were, made
C. will be, make
11. If I … a scientist, I … a time-machine.
A. were, would invent
B. am, would invent
C. will be, will invent
12. I wish I … a yacht.
A. have
B. had
C. will have
13. If I … a ticket yesterday, I … to the theatre with you.
A. will have, would go
B. had had, would have gone
C. have had, would go
14. We wish you … back home.
A. are
B. were
C. will be
15. You … your language skills if you … English every day.
A. would improve, learn
B. had improved, learnt
C. will improve, learn
16. If you … your morning exercises every day, you … healthy
A. do, will be
B. did, had been
C. will do, will be
17. If no one … to help, we … to do the work ourselves.
A. came, will be obliged
B. comes, will be obliged
C. will come, would be obliged
18. If you ... a toothache, you must go to the dentist.
105
А. have
В. had
С. will have
19. If Mike had read my note ..., he wouldn't have come here.
А. yesterday
В. today
С. tomorrow
20. In case the tooth isn't ill, it ...
А. wouldn't be extracted.
В. wouldn't have been extracted.
С. isn't extracted.
21. In case you had come to me, you ... the first aid immediately.
А. will receive
В. would receive
С. would have received
22. If you ... study hard, you won't pass the exams.
А. doesn't
В. don't
С. didn't
23. After I finish university, I … a year off and travel.
А. won't probably take
В. will probably take
С. would probably take
24. If you hadn't been so lazy, you ... your tests.
А. wouldn't fail
В. didn't fail
С. wouldn't have failed
25. ... in the USA for at least another year before I return home.
А. I willn't study the medicine
В. Will you be studying economics
С. I will have been studying English
26. I … better with my parents if I didn`t live with them.
A. won`t get on
B. will get on
C. would get on
106
Unit 16. Look, Read and Remember
NOUN(существительное)
Единственное число
The Singular Number
Множественное число
The Plural Number
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ МНОЖЕСТВЕННОГО ЧИСЛА
The Plural
Number
→
The Singular
Number
+
окончание -s, либо-es
Окончание -s (-es) читается
[s] после глухих
согласных
[z] после звонких
согласных
[ɪz] после
s, ss, x, sh, ch, tch
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
book [buk] books [buks]
day [deɪ]
days [deɪz]
inch [ɪntʃ]
inches [ɪntʃɪz]
map [mæp] maps [mæps]
dog [dɔg] dogs [dɔɡz]
rose [rouz] roses [rouzɪz]
ИСКЛЮЧЕНИЯ
The Singular Number
The Plural Number
f, fe→ v+ es
a knife [naɪf]
a shelf [ʃelf]
a wife [waɪf]
a leaf [li:f]
Однако: a roof [ruf]
a chief [tʃɪf]
a safe [seɪf]
knives [naɪvz]
shelves [ʃelvz]
wives [waɪvz]
leaves [lɪvz]
roofs [rufs]
chiefs [tʃɪfs]
safes [seɪfs]
СОГЛАСНАЯ
+у → i + es
a factory ['fæktərɪ]
a lorry [lɔrɪ]
a city[sɪtɪ]
a family['fæməlɪ]
a story[stɔrɪ]
Однако: a day [deɪ]
a boy [bɔɪ]
a key [ki:]
factories ['fæktərɪz]
lorries ['lɔrɪz]
cities[sɪtɪz]
families['fæməlɪz]
stories[stɔrɪz]
days [deɪz]
boys [bɔɪz]
keys [ki:z]
o+ es
a hero
a potato
a tomato
Однако: a piano
a photo
a kilo
heroes
potatoes
tomatoes
pianos
photos
kilos
ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ КОРНЕВОЙ ГЛАСНОЙ
a man [mæn]
a woman ['wumən]
a tooth[t u:Ɵ]
a foot [fut]
a goose [gu:s]
a mouse [maus]
men [men]
women ['wɪmɪn]
teeth[ti: Ɵ]
feet [fi:t]
geese [ɡi: z]
mice [maɪs]
th [Ɵ] → ths [ðz]
a mouth [mauƟ]
a path [pa:Ɵ]
mouths [mauðz]
paths [pa:ðz]
107
a bath [ba:Ɵ]
baths [ba:ðz]
+ en
a child [tʃaɪld]
an ox [ɔks]
children [tʃɪldrən]
oxen ['ɔksən]
ЕДИНСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО
СОВПАДАЕТ С МНОЖЕСТВЕННЫМ
a sheep [ʃi:p]
a deer [dɪə]
a fish [fi:ʃ]
a fruit[frut]
Однако:
1)когда речь идѐт о различных
видах рыб, fish имеет форму
множественного числа;
2)для обозначения различных
видов фруктов употребляется
множественное число
существительного fruit
many sheep [ʃi:p]
many deer [dɪə]
many fish [fi:ʃ]
many fruit[frut]
1)In this lake there are fishes of
many varieties .(В этом озере
водятся рыбы многих
разновидностей)
2) On the table there are apples,
plums and other fruits. (На сто-
ле лежат яблоки, сливы и дру-
гие фрукты (виды фруктов)
ТОЛЬКО ЕДИНСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО
advice
information
progress
knowledge
money
hair
weather
billiards
athletics
mathematics
politics
news
ТОЛЬКО МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО
scissors
trousers spectacles
scales
goods
contents
riches
clothes [klouðz]
jeans
shorts
tights
proceeds
wages
people
police
Слова греческого и латинского
происхождения:
-um → a
on→ a
-us→ i
-is → es
-ix, -ex→ ices
-a + e
dat um, bacteri um
phenomen on, gangli on
fung us, bacill us
bas is, cris is
var ix, ap ex
vertebr a, areol a
Однако:
Virus –viruses, sinus –sinuses,
Apparatus – apparatus, arcus –
arcus, stigma - stigmata
dat a, bacteri a
phenomen a, gangli a
fung i, bacill i
bas es, cris es
var ices, ap ices
vertebr ae, areol ae
108
Притяжательный падеж (The Possessive Case)
Одушевленные существительные
Притяжательный падеж существительных в единственном числе:
the girl`s hat, Jack`s friend, the horse`s leg
Притяжательный падеж существительных во множественном числе:
the girls` dolls, the workers` tools
the children`s toys, the men`s hats (образуется как в единственном числе, т.к.
существительные children, men не имеют окончания -s во множественном
числе)
Притяжательный падеж составных существительных:
the commander-in-chief`s order, my brother-in-law`s library
Когда два и более лица:
Peter and Helen`s flat is large.
Когда существительное, определяемое существительным в притяжательном
падеже, имеет при себе другие определения:
the student`s new dictionary, Kate`s best friends
Для выражения принадлежности часто употребляется существительное с
предлогом of:
my friend`s father = the father of my friend
the teacher`s question = the question of the teacher
Неодушевлѐнные существительные
Существительные, обозначающие время и расстояние:
He had a month`s holiday last summer.
He lives at a kilometer`s distance from here.
Существительные, обозначающие страны, города и суда (world, country,city,
ship):
Moscow`s theatres, the world`s largest deposits, our country`s economics, the
ship`s crew
Некоторые наречия времени:
Today`s newspaper, yesterday`s conversation
Слова house, office, shop часто опускаются после существительных в
притяжательном падеже в оборотах, выражающих обстоятельство места:
I dined at my friend`s (= my friend`s house)
She went to the baker`s (= the baker`s shop)
109
Grammar Activities (Nouns)
Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps.
They ate some (tomato)……………..
You can put (sugar) ……………….in your tea.
We have to buy new………………………. (furniture)
I need to wash my………….. (hair).
We had lots of ………………..(fun).
The Milfords have a lot of …………………(money).
How many (people) ………………………were at the cinema with you?
Could you give some (information) ………………….on your project?
In this hotel, (family) ……………….are very welcome.
Those (man) ……………….seem to be very tired.
Exercise 2. Choose one correct variant
1.
The plural of "calf" (a baby cow) is
A.
calfs
B.
calves
C.
calf
D.
celf
2.
The plural of "bus" is
A.
bi
B.
buss
C.
buses
D.
busa
3.
The plural of "shelf" is
A.
shelfs
B.
shelves
C.
shelvs
D.
shelfes
4.
The plural of "child" is
A.
children
B.
childs
C.
cheeld
D.
child
5.
The plural of "thesis" is
A.
thesises
B.
thesies
C.
thesi
D.
theses
6.
The plural of "deer" is
A.
deers
B.
deeres
C.
door
D.
deer
7.
The plural of "woman" is
A.
womans
B.
womanes
C.
women
D.
woman
8.
The plural of "buffalo" is
A.
buffalos
B.
buffals
C.
buffalose
D.
buffaloes
9.
The plural of "phenomenon" is
A.
phenomena
B.
phenomenons
C.
phenomeni
D.
phenomenon
10.
The plural of "stimulus" is
A.
stimuluses
B.
stimuli
C.
stimula
D.
stimules
11.
The plural of appendix is
A. appendices
B. appendicen
C. appendi
D. appendix
12. The plural of knife is
A. knives
B. knive
C. knifes
D. knifs
13.The plural for city is
A. citys
B. cities
C. cityies
D. cittties
110
Exercise 3. Complete the statements by providing plural form of the words in bold.
One thief got away, but the other two ___________were caught.
One analysis was well-written, whereas the other ______________were not finished.
A bacterium multiplies in seconds to create new___________________.
My thesis is different from their___________________________.
Here is the syllabus for Chemistry and these are_______________for Physics and Biology.
The basis of his research is built upon the ____________of many other researcher‘s work.
I found the chapter in one index but not the other two________________.
The course curriculum this year is more complete than ________________in the past.
My belief and your ______________may differ.
One memorandum was lost but the other_________were in his laptop.
An earthquake is a phenomenon unlike any other ____________.
The World Series this year was more exciting than all the _________ before.
The tile roof didn‘t burn but the wooden ___________ all caught fire.
Your first photo is focused but the other________are out of focus.
There is only one appendix in this textbook and I suppose there should be two_______.
Exercise 4. Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns. Decide whether you have to use 's
or an of phrase.
1. The boy has a toy. → It's the ..........................
2. Peter has a book. → It's .................................
3. The magazine has my picture on its cover. → My picture is on .......................
4. Our friends live in this house. → It's............................... .
5. There is milk in the glass. → It's ..........................
6. This house has a number. → What is ..................?
7. The walk lasts two hours. → It's................ .
8. John has a sister, Jane. → Jane is ....................
9. The film has a name, "Scream". → "Scream" is............................ .
10. This school is for girls only. → It's a ....................
11. The monitor has a student card. → It's .................................
12. This family has a summer house in this town. → It's .................................
13. This company has an office. → The office .................................
14. This man has a nice camera → It's .................................
15. These students have a register. → It's .................................
111
Test yourself (Nouns)
1. What ... of medicine are the most important nowadays?
А) branch
В) branches
С) branchs
2. We are going on a ... vacation.
А) two-week
В) two-weeks
С) two-week's
3. In his grandfather's meadow children saw...
А) several sheeps and cows
В) several sheep and cow
С) several sheep and cows
4. In libraries books are usually kept on the...
А) shelves
В) shelfs
С) shelvs
5. Her ... so long that she has difficulty washing her head.
А) hairs are
В) hairs is
С) hair is
6. A poor guy fell down from the bicycle and broke his...
А) foots
В) feets
С) feet
7. Physics ... speciality.
А) are professor Brown's
В) is professor Brown
С) is professor Brown's
8. Physics studies the main laws and ... of nature.
А) regularities
В) regularitys
С) regularitis
9. ... of research institutes are now having difficulties because of poor financial support.
А) A large number
В) A great amount
112
С) Much
10. My ... two minutes slow and I took it to a watchmaker.
А) watchs were
В) watch was
С) watches were
11. They say it is too ... sex and violence on TV nowadays.
А) much
В) many
С) a lot of
12. As a result of systemic study his ... accurate and complete.
А) knowledge was
В) knowledges were
С) knowledgs were
13. To write and defend your dissertation successfully you have to study...
А) a number of scientific books and articles
В) lots of scientific books and articles
С) few scientific books and articles
14. A pale yellow smoke rose over the ... district.
А) miners
В) miner
С) miners'
15. Today there are ... students than yesterday.
А) less
В) few
С) fewer
16. You can take some ... newspapers from that table over there.
А) yesterday
В) yesterday's
С) yesterdays
17. Fortunately the news … as bad as we expected.
А) weren`t
В) didn`t
С) wasn`t
18. The police … to interview Fred about a robbery.
А) want
В) went
С) wants
113
Unit 17. Look, Read and Remember
ARTICLE
Артикль – определитель существительного, передающий
значение определѐнности (неопределѐнности) и не
имеющий отдельного вещественного значения.
ОПРЕДЕЛЁННЫЙ
(the Definite Article)
НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЙ
(the Indefinite Article)
[ə]
перед согласным
перед
определением с
согласным
the room [ə'rum]
– комната
the table [ə'tebl]
– стол
the big house
[ə'big'haus] –
большой дом
определѐнный
the
[i:]
перед гласным
перед
определением с
гласным
the earth [i:'ə:θ] –
земля
the action
[i:'ækn] –
действие
the old house
[i:'ould'haus] –
старый дом
the unpleasant trip
[i:,n'pleznt'trp]
– неприятное
путешествие
[ə]
перед
согласным
перед
определением с
согласным
a box [ə'bks] –
коробка
a lamp [ə'læmp] –
лампа
a little mouse [ə'ltl
maus] – маленькая
мышка
a warm day
[ə'w:m'de] –
тѐплый день
неопределѐнный
a
an
[ən]
перед гласным
перед
определением с
гласным
an arm [ən'a:m] –
рука
an egg [ən'eg] –
яйцо
an easy exercise
[ən'i:z'eksəsaz] –
легкое упражнение
an important thing
[ənm'p:tənt']
– важная вещь
114
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕННОГО АРТИКЛЯ (The)
В каком случае
Примеры
Перед существительным, обозначаю-
щим конкретный предмет, о котором
даются дополнительные сведения
The flat is quite large and comfortable.
Квартира довольно большая и удобная.
Where is the book? Где книга?
Перед существительным, являющимся
единственным в данной обстановке.
The manager told you to do it at once.
Директор велел вам сделать это сразу.
Перед существительным,
обозначающим вещество в определен-
ном количестве или в определенном
месте в данной обстановке.
Pass me the salt, please.
Передайте мне, пожалуйста, соль.
The snow is dirty.
Снег грязный.
В приложении при подчеркивании
известности лица, к которому оно
относится.
Dreiser, the famous American writer, is
known all over the world.
Драйзер, знаменитый американский
писатель, известен всему миру.
Перед порядковым числительным +
существительное.
the first page - первая страница
the third day - третий день
Перед прилагательным в превосходной
степени + существительное.
The best pupil - лучший ученик
the longest way - самый длинный путь
Перед существительным + бессоюзное
определительное придаточное
предложение.
Who was the boy you were talking to just
now?
Кто был тот мальчик, с которым вы
только что говорили?
Предлог + артикль + существительное. How can I get to the hotel?
Как мне добраться до гостиницы?
С предметами, единственными в своем
роде.
the Moon – Луна
the Sun – Солнце
the Earth – Земля
the sky - небо
После слов one of, some of, many of,
each of, most of, all, both.
I've looked through all the magazines.
Я просмотрел все журналы.
Перед прилагательными following,
same, last, only, next, very.
the following day - следующий день
the same way - также
the last word - последнее слово
the only child - единственный ребѐнок
the next lesson - следующий урок
Исключения: last week - на прошлой неделе
last year - в прошлом году
next time -в следующий раз
last Monday - в прошлый понедельник
Перед названиями стран, океанов,
морей и другими географическими
названиями, состоящими из
существительных нарицательных с
определением.
the United States - Соединенные Штаты
the Black Sea - Черное море
the Pacific Ocean - Тихий океан
Перед названием рек и горных хребтов. the Volga – Волга the Thames – Темза
the Alps - Альпы
Перед названием газет и журналов.
the Morning Star / the Daily World
115
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОГО АРТИКЛЯ (A/An)
В каком случае
Примеры
Для обозначения принадлежности
предмета к какому-либо классу
предметов (с глаголами to see, to have и
др., с оборотом there is, в именной
части составного сказуемого) при
наличии описательного определения и
без него.
A man is waiting for you.
Вас ждет какой-то человек.
I have a son and a daughter.
У меня сын и дочь.
The tulip is a beautiful flower.
Тюльпан - красивый цветок.
Не is a doctor.
Он доктор.
There is a vacant seat in the third row.
В третьем ряду есть свободное место.
С существительными в единственном
числе, так как предмет произошел от
числительного "один".
Give me a pen.
Дайте мне ручку (одну ручку).
Дает понятие о предмете, название
предмета или класса, к которому
принадлежит предмет.
This is a book. Это книга ( а не
карандаш, не ручка и т. д.)
Перед абстрактными
существительными при наличии
описательного определения.
They lived a quiet life.
Они вели спокойную жизнь.
Не has a deep knowledge of the subject.
У него глубокие знания в этой
области.
В восклицательных предложениях
после what (перед исчисляемыми
существительными).
What a lovely day!
Какой чудесный день!
В значении "один" перед исчисляемыми
существительными, обозначающими
время.
How many times a month do you go to
the theatre?
Сколько раз в месяц вы ходите в
театр?
Will you be back in an hour?
Ты вернешься через час?
Перед исчисляемыми
существительными в единственном
числе, определяемым словами such,
quite, rather.
Не is a quite young man.
Он совсем еще молодой человек.
I can't translate such a difficult article.
Я не могу перевести такую трудную
статью.
Перед существительными,
определяемыми порядковыми
числительными в значении "другой, еще
один".
Suddenly we heard a shot, then a second
one and a third.
Внезапно мы услышали выстрел,
затем второй (еще один) и третий (еще
один).
В выражениях a little и a few.
If I have a little free time today I‘ll drop
in.
Если у меня будет немного свободного
времени сегодня, я забегу к вам.
I'd like to say a few words.
Мне хотелось бы сказать несколько
слов.
116
Отсутствие артикля
В каком случае
Примеры
Перед именами собственными.
London – Лондон
Europe – Европа
England - Англия
Исключения:
the Crimea – Крым
the Caucasus - Кавказ
Перед существительными нарица-
тельными, используемыми как об-
ращение.
Good morning, young man - Доброе утро,
молодой человек
Porter, take these things to the taxi, please.
Носильщик, отнесите эти вещи в такси,
пожалуйста.
Перед словами Mother, Father, Uncle,
Aunt в высказываниях членов семьи.
Ask Father about it. Mummy has come.
Попроси папу об этом. Мама пришла.
Перед названиями наук.
I like Literature and History.
Я люблю литературу и историю.
Перед неисчисляемыми существи-
тельными (названиями веществ, аб-
страктных понятий).
There is water in the glass.
В стакане вода (а не кофе, молоко).
Перед исчисляемыми существи-
тельными во множественном числе
без определения или с определением
описательного характера.
She has apples and bananas.
У нее есть яблоки и бананы.
She has red apples and yellow bananas.
У нее есть красные яблоки и желтые ба-
наны.
Перед неисчисляемыми
существительными в единственном
числе, если они обозначают:
Winter came. - Пришла зима.
It was night. - Была ночь.
Morning - утро, day - день,
evening - вечер, night – ночь
summer - лето, winter - зима, autumn -
осень, spring - весна
время суток
времена года
Перед именами
и фамилиями
людей:
если нет опреде-
ления;
Mike spoke about his studies.
Майк говорил о своих занятиях.
если перед ним
стоит слово, обо-
значающее титул,
семейные отноше-
ния, общественное
положение;
Captain Smith - капитан Смит
Aunt Rose - тетя Роза
Professor Brown - профессор Браун
если перед именем
собственным стоят
слова dear, little,
old, good, poor.
Little Tommy sat down and cried. -
Маленький Томми сел и заплакал.
117
Grammar Activities (Articles)
Exercise 1. Complete with the correct article.
1. The only sport we enjoy is ...... hockey.
2. I left it at ...... office.
3. He is .... doctor.
4. He drives at a speed of 90 miles ...... hour.
5. It's in ....... Arthur Road.
6. I don't like ..... milk.
7. It's ...... third road on the left.
8. The River Amazon is .... longest river of all.
9. We're having fish for.....dinner.
10. ...... price of petrol keeps rising.
Exercise 2. Insert the appropriate article where necessary.
I have horse of my own. I call her Pretty Girl. She is intelligent animal, but she is not thoroughbred
horse. I could never enter her in race, even if I wanted to. But I do not want to. She is companion,
for my own pleasure. I took her swimming day or two ago.
Horse knows when he is going to race. How does he know? His breakfast was scanty. He is angry
about that. He does not have saddle on his back. Horse is nervous. Sometimes he does not know
what to do when gate opens and track is before him. If he does not begin to run instantly, other
horses are already ahead of him. During race, when he sees horse just ahead of him, he will try to
pass him. Jockey holds him back to save his energy for last effort. Eventually horse gets to run as
fast as he can.
Exercise 3.
Choose the correct article to complete each sentence:
1) I like ............blue T-shirt over there better than .......... red one.
2) Their car does 150 miles ............. hour.
3) Where's ...............USB drive I lent you last week?
4) Do you still live in ........... Bristol?
5) Is your mother working in ................ old office building?
6) Carol's father works as .................. electrician.
7) The tomatoes are 99 pence ............... kilo.
8) What do you usually have for.................. breakfast?
9) Ben has ................... terrible headache.
10) After this tour you have ...................... whole afternoon free to explore the city.
118
Exercise 4. Complete with the corresponding article.
1. This is ...... easy question.
2. Stephen could you speak ....... little louder.
3. May I have your ..........phone number?
4. I have never seen ........UFO.
5. May I ask you ..........question?
6. Astrid is........... best teacher in our school.
7. What is .......name of the next station?
8. My girlfriend has ........ my car today.
9. I went to .......sea during my summer holiday.
10. Is there ........ cash machine near here?
Exercise 5. Correct the mistakes, find the missing article.
1. I bought pair of pants and a shirt.
2. I saw car crash last week.
3. They are staying downtown.
4. I think man is very unfriendly.
5. I don't like soccer.
6. That is issue between you and the boss.
7. water is dirty. Don't drink it!
8. price of gas keeps rising.
9. John moved to San Francisco.
10. Celine is French.
11. amazing thing happened to me yesterday.
12. My friend doesn't eat red meat.
13. Last year we visited St. Paul's Cathedral and Tower.
14. Mount Everest is highest mountain on earth.
15. Loch Ness is most famous lake in Scotland.
16. most children like sweets.
17. summer of 1996 was hot and dry.
18. Plaza Hotel is on the corner of 59th Street and 5th Avenue.
19. My sister often stays at Uncle Tim's in Detroit.
20. Our friends Millers moved to Florida last August.
21. smog is a problem in big cities.
22. Our children go to school by bus.
119
Test yourself (Articles)
1. Generally speaking, ________ boys are physically stronger than girls.
A. a
B. no article
C. the
2. Do you remember ________ girl that we saw last night?
A. a
B. the
C. no article
3. P1: Did you go to the Thai restaurant? P2: No, I went to __________ place where you and I
normally go.
A. the
B. a
C. no article
4. He is _______ really good person.
A. the
B. a
C. no article
5. My brother is ______ expert at fixing cars.
A. the
B. no article
C. an
6. ______ Paris is a beautiful city.
A. a
B. no article
C. the
7. My _______ teacher's name is William.
A. no article
B. a
C. the
8. We got our son _______ dog for Christmas.
A. the
B. a
C. no article
9. This is _____ English book
120
A. a
B. the
C. an
10. This man is _____ good taxi driver.
A. an
B. a
C. the
11.
I had ____ fish and ____ chips for dinner
A. a/a
B.the/the
C. no article/no article
12. She heard ___ knock on ___door.
A. a/a
B. a/the
C. the/a
13. I am staying at ___hotel on __Hudson river.
A.a/the
B.the/a
C.the/the
14. When do you usually get____ home after work?
A. a
B. the
C. no article
15.
I wish he wouldn't talk during ___ lesson. Maybe the teacher should have ___ word with him.
A. the/a
B.a/an
C.no article/no article
16.
_______apple a day keeps the doctor away
A. a
B. an
C. no article
17.
________
President of the United States was elected last year
A. a
B. the
C. no article
121
Unit 18. Look, Read and Remember
:
PRONOUNS (Местоимения)
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