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embrace
enable
enlarge
mold
position
reduce
transmit
trigger
wave
4. Read the text.
Much of the freedom that today’s designers enjoy is the
result of the
computer, which enables them to explore multiple approaches quickly and
easily. With advanced graphics programs, type can be manipulated almost as a
plastic substance – stretched, molded, turned in space, enlarged, reduced, col-
ored and recolored. Images too can be enlarged, reduced, cropped, placed, and
moved. A design can be completely worked out on the computer and transmit-
ted in digital form to the printer. More often, the
computer is used as simply
another tool, although a powerful one, in a design process that also includes
traditional studio methods and darkroom techniques.
With the dramatic expansion of the World Wide Web and the increasing
popularity of CD-ROM technology, the computer has also become an exciting
new place for design. Design for the Web draws on such traditional models as
posters, magazine layout, and advertising. To these it adds the potential for
motion and interactivity – reactions to choices made by a visitor to the site.
Light radiates from a computer screen as it does from a television, allow-
ing a deeper and more luminous sense of space than traditional print media.
Brothers and design partners – Christopher and Matthew Pacetti exploit this
sense of space beautifully in their elegant design for a website for Polygram
records. The layered background, whose repeating curves imply the motion of
a spinning CD, subtly includes the
word PolyGram, which also appears in vio-
let to the left. The saturated, jewel-like colors radiate like stained glass.
Against this layered ground, the navigation choices are clearly listed in while
type with corresponding symbols, which also carry through to later pages.
An influential voice in the forefront of graphic design by and for the
computer is John Maeda, head of the Media Laboratory at the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology. As the director of the Aesthetics and Compu-
tation Group there, Maeda works to bridge the gap between engineers and
artists. He believes that artists interested in using the
computer must master
the language of the computer itself, which is programming. To rely on off-
the-shelf design software, he points out, is to accept the limits of someone
else’s imagination. To help artists understand the basics of computer de-
sign, Maeda published “Design by Numbers”, a book that introduces a sim-
ple programming language he developed. The book, Maeda says, is “an at-
tempt to demystify the
technology behind computer art, to show how sim-
ple it is, and that people can do it”.
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Maeda’s own work includes an interactive online calendar created for Shi-
seido, a Japanese cosmetics company. The calendar divides the year into six,
two-month segments, with each segment programmed for a specific design
theme. The July/August segment, for example, allows the user’s mouse to
coax the numbers of the days into animated fireworks displays. For Septem-
ber/October, users can trigger shimmering patterns in blue, recalling the heat
of summer and ocean waves.
Many websites take the form of succeeding “pages”. This way of present-
ing information is deeply rooted in our way of thinking, for we have been stor-
ing information on pages in books for almost 2,000 years. Yet
the computer
also permits a more fluid, cinematic sense of space whose graphic possibilities
are only beginning to be explored. David Small’s experimental “Shakespeare
Project” may give us an idea of developments to come. A member of Maeda’s
Aesthetics and Computation Group, Small focuses on typographic displays
that move away from the idea of a flat page toward three-dimensional “infor-
mation environments”. Here, the text of a play by Shakespeare is set in a sin-
gle long column. Annotations, traditionally positioned as footnotes at the bot-
tom of a page, are set at the same level as the lines they relate to, but at a 90-
degree angle. Small developed a variety of intuitive interface devices that al-
low users to navigate the space freely, positioning themselves anywhere in the
text, moving smoothly between detailed views and overviews, angling the
columns to read now
the text, now the annotations.
Although they are working with the most advanced technology of the day,
designers such as Small and Maeda are actually quite conservative, for their
work embraces the principles of visual elegance and communicative clarity
that have been at the core of graphic design since anonymous scribes first de-
veloped writing.
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