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- UNIT 11. THE FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL LITERARY ENGLISH LANGUAGE § 1. England in early New English
| § 3. Consonants
English consonants were on the whole far more stable than vowels. A large number of consonants have probably remained unchanged through all historical periods. Thus we can assume that the sonorants [m, n, l], the plosives [p, b, t, d] and also [k, g] in most positions have not been subjected to any noticeable changes. They are found in many words descending from OE though their correlations in the system of phonemes have altered to a varying degree. The most important changes affecting the ME system of consonants are as follows: 34 1) OE palatal [k‘] turned into the affricate [t ʃ ] in the beginning of words before front vowels; in medial position before ‗ i‘; and in the final position after ‗ i‘. E.g. OE cild > ME child > MnE child OE cirice > ME chirche > MnE church OE ic > ME ich > MnE I OE [sk‘] turned into [ ʃ ] e.g. OE scip > ME ship > MnE ship OE sceal > ME shal > MnE shall 2) OE [g‘] turned into the affricate [d ʒ ] e.g. OE bryc ʒ > ME bridge > MnE bridge 3) Words beginning with hl-, hn-, hr-, lose their initial h : e.g. OE hlāford > ME lord > MnE lord OE hnutu > ME nute > MnE nut OE hrin ʒ > ME ring > MnE ring 4) The verb māken (to make) in the forms of the past tense and Participle II lost its sound [k]: mākede – mākde – made, māked – mākd – mad. UNIT 11. THE FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL LITERARY ENGLISH LANGUAGE § 1. England in early New English The formation of the national literary English language covers the Early New English period (about 1475 – 1660). There were at least 2 major external factors which favoured the rise of the national language and the literary standards: the unification of the country and the progress of culture. Other historical events, such as increased foreign contacts, affected the language in a less general way, though their influence on the growth of the vocabulary is of no doubt. The most significant event of the period was the Wars of the Roses (1455 – 1485), which marked the decay of feudalism and the birth of a new social order. The political result of this prolonged struggle was the rise of absolute monarchy. This meant a high degree of political centralization and thus contributed to centralization in language as well, that is, to a predominance of the national language over local dialects. The 15 th and 16th c. saw other striking changes in the life of the country. Trade had extended beyond the local boundaries. Besides farming and cattle-breeding an important wool trade and industry was carried on in the country-side. As the demand for wool and cloth rose, Britain began to export woolen cloth produced by the 1 st big enterprises, the ― manufactures ǁ . The landowners evicted the peasants and enclosed their land with ditches and fences, turning it into vast pastures. The new nobility, who traded in wool, fused with the rich townspeople to form a new class, the bourgeoisie, while the evicted farmers, the poor artisans and monastic 35 servants turned into farm labourers and wage workers or remained unemployed and joined the ranks of paupers, vagrants and highway robbers. The changes in economic and social conditions were accompanied by the intermixture of people coming from different regions, the growth of towns with a mixed population, and the strengthening of social ties between the various regions. All these processes played an important role in the unification of the English language. жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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