UNIT 5. SYLLABIC STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH WORDS
It is generally known that speech is a continuum. However, it can be broken into
minimal pronounceable units into which sounds show a tendency to cluster or group
themselves. These smallest phonetic groups are given the name of syllables. It is
necessary to mention that the syllable is a complicated phenomenon and like the
phoneme it can be studied on four levels: acoustic, auditory, articulatory and
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functional, which means that the syllable can be approached from the different points
of view. Let us consider some of such points of view.
1.
Expiratory
(
относящийся к выдоху
), or pressure
theory
which was
experimentally based by R. H. Stetson. This theory is based on the assumption that
expiration in speech is a pulsating process and each syllable should correspond to a
single expiration so that the number of the syllables in an utterance is determined by
the number of expirations made in the production of the utterance.
2. The theory by Shcherba. It is called the
theory of muscular tension
. The point is
that in most languages there is a syllabic phoneme in the centre of the syllable, which
is usually a vowel phoneme, or, in some languages a sonorant. The phonemes
preceding or following the syllable peak are called marginal. The energy increases
within the range of prevocalic consonants and then decreases within the range of
postvocalic consonants. Therefore the syllable can be defined an arc of articulatory
tension.
3. The Soviet linguist and psychologist Zhinkin has suggested the so-called
loudness
theory
. So according to the theory the syllable could be thought of as the arc of
loudness.
Syllable formation in English is based on the phonological opposition: vowel -
consonant. Vowels are usually syllabic while consonants are not, with the exception
of [l], [m], [n], which become syllabic if they occur in an unstressed final position
preceded by a noise consonant, for example, ['litl] little, ['blosom] blossom, ['ga:dn]
garden.
The structure of the syllable is known to vary because of the number and the
arrangement of consonants. In English there are distinguished four types of syllables:
1. Open - no [nou]
2. Closed - odd [od]
3. Covered - note [nout]
4. Uncovered - oh [ou], oak [ouk]
It should be pointed out here that due to its structure the English language has
developed the close type of syllable as the fundamental one while in Russian it is the
open type that forms the basis of syllable formation.
As to the number of syllables in the English word it can vary from 1 to 8, for
example [k^m] - come, ['siti] city.
Besides syllable formation linguists are also interested in another problem, i.e. –
syllable division.
In the English language the problem of syllable division exists only in case of
intervocalic consonants and their clusters like in the words "city, agree, extra". In
such cases the point of syllable division is not easily found.
To be able to determine the syllable boundary in such words as "to agree, abrupt",
these words should be divided into syllables in the following way: [e-'gri:], [e-'brapt],
because such combinations as [gr], [br] are permissible initial clusters for the English
language. On the other hand, there are clusters that can never be found in the word
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initial position and consequently should be broken by syllabic boundary, for example:
admire [ed-'maie], abhor [eb-'ho:].
But there are cases when the distributional criteria may fail. In this case when the
number of intervocalic consonants is three as in the word "extra" ['ekstra] we have to
state the possible points of syllable division: 1) ['ek-stra], 2) ['eks-tra], 3) ['ekst-ra]. In
such cases the natural way of division is fixed in pronunciation dictionary.
Functions
of the Syllable
1.
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