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UNIT 8. THE ORTHOEPIC NORM OF THE ENGLISH
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| UNIT 8. THE ORTHOEPIC NORM OF THE ENGLISH
PRONUNCIATION There exist numerous varieties in any language. The varieties of the language are conditioned by language communities ranging from small groups to nations. The varieties of language spoken by socially limited number of people and used in certain localities are called dialects . Therefore, there exist local dialects and social dialects. Dialects have some peculiarities in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar but all dialects have more features in common, they are varieties of the same language. Due to mass media, the increased mobility of the population, concentration of the population in the Cities, dialectal differences are becoming less marked. Among the most well-known dialects one should mention Cockney (spoken by the less educated part of Londoners), Geordie (heard in Newcastle), Scouse (the Liverpool dialect), Cornish (dialect in Cornwall) and others. Dialect speakers are, as a rule, the less educated part of the population. Besides, in present day English the number of local dialects is being reduced to a fewer, more or less general, regional types. In British English three main regional types of pronunciation are distinguished: Southern, Northern and Scottish. It is common knowledge that the literary spoken form has its national pronunciation standard. Standard national pronunciation is also called an ― orthoepic norm ǁ . The orthoepic norm of a language is the standard pronunciation adopted by native speakers as the right and proper way of speaking. It comprises the variants of pronunciation that exist in the language. It is used by the most educated part of the population. It should be emphasized, that the orthoepic norm is not constant and fixed for all centuries and generations. Variations of the orthoepic norm is a natural objective phenomenon, which reflects the development of language. The non-standard prosodic (intonational) patterns and regional variants of pronunciation constantly influence the orthoepic norm. It is a well-known fact that most of the phonetic changes first occur among the less educated, before they are recognized as acceptable. Therefore, the main factors that condition Variations of the orthoepic norm are: 1) social factors, 2) territorial factors, 3) stylistic factors. It should also be mentioned that British English pronunciation is exposed to external influence. On the British television and screen there is a lot of American speech, which works against the standard of pronunciation, especially with the younger generation. On the other hand, the spread of education and mass media encourage to some extent a standard pronunciation. It is generally considered that the orthoepic norm of British English is Received Pronunciation (RP). It was accepted about a century and a half ago. RP is mainly based on the Southern English regional type of pronunciation, but it has developed its own features. RP is spoken by a comparatively small number of English people, who have had the most privileged education. RP is not taught at the privileged schools, it 52 is absorbed automatically by the pupils, for they are sent to live at schools at the age of eleven, when their pronunciation is most flexible and soon they acquire the so called ― public school accent ǁ , the prestige accent. Though RP is carefully preserved by the public schools and the privileged class in England, the RP of today differs in some respects from the former refined RP used half a century ago. жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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