Боргуль Н. М. Пособие по основам теории изучаемого языка, печать
жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Pdf көрінісі
|
Оқытылатын тіл
| § 2. The literary layer
Literary words are chiefly used in writing and in formal communication. Among them there are distinguished the following groups: 1) common literary words (also called learned, bookish, high-flown) – known to and used by most native speakers in generalized literary (formal) communication (e.g. to commence, maiden, parent, to retire) 2) archaisms, obsolescent and obsolete words. These words are already partly or fully out of circulation; their use is restricted to the printed page only. 58 Obsolescent words – are archaic words that are in the stage of gradually passing out of general use. To this category belong morphological forms belonging to the earlier stages in the development of the language. In the English language these are the pronouns thou, thee, thy, thine; the corresponding verbal ending –est and the verb-forms art, wilt (thou makest, thou wilt); the ending –(e)th instead of –(e)s ( he maketh ) and the pronoun ye. To the category of obsolescent words belong many French borrowings which have been kept in the literary language as a means of preserving the spirit of earlier periods, e.g. a pallet (=a straw mattress); a palfrey (=a small horse), etc. Obsolete words are those archaic words that have already gone completely out of use but are still recognized by the English-speaking community: e.g. methinks (=it seems to me); nay (=no). Archaic proper are words which are no longer recognizable in modern English, words that were in use in Old English and which have either dropped out of the language entirely or have changed in their appearance so much that they have become unrecognizable, e.g. troth (=faith); a losel (= a lazy fellow) 3) historical words (or historisms ) – historical terms referring to definite stages in the development of society. Historisms are very numerous as names for social relations, institutions, objects of material culture of the past. The names of ancient transport means, such as types of boats, or types of carriages, ancient clothes, weapons, musical instruments can offer good examples. Here belong such transport means and boats as brougham, gig, hansom, phaeton, caravel, galleon , etc. Historisms also include such weapons as crossbow, vizor , mace . Historical words are often erroneously classed as archaic. The difference between these two classes is that historical words have no synonyms, whereas archaic words have been replaced by modern synonyms. Therefore, unlike archaisms, historical words never disappear from the language. 4) terms – special words, limited by their scientific designation. They express with the utmost precision certain concepts of science, engineering, politics, diplomacy, philosophy, linguistics, etc. (e.g. linguistic term affixation , medical term to dress ‗ to bandage a wound‘). 5) poetical words – words (expressions) used primarily in poetry and high-flown prose; sometimes also called ‗ solemn‘, ‗ lofty‘, ‗ elevated‘. Their application is very narrow though for certain stylistic purposes (humour, irony, etc.) they are sometimes used in colloquial speech. Among poetical words we find, for example, deem (think), ne (not), oft (often), etc. Almost all words termed ‗ poetical‘ are archaic. 6) barbarisms and foreignisms. Barbarisms are words borrowed almost without any change in form. Etymologically they are often Latin, Greek and French. These words have not entirely been assimilated into the English language and are felt as something alien to the native tongue. However, these words are registered in the English dictionaries as belonging to the English stock. Among barbarisms we find: de facto, bona fide, hors d’oevre, belles letters, etc. 59 Foreignisms (foreign words proper) – are words that do not belong to the English vocabulary and, as a rule, are not registered by English dictionaries. These words may be used only for certain stylistic purposes. In printed works foreign words and phrases are generally italicized to indicate their alien nature. Barbarisms, on the contrary, are not made conspicuous in the text. жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|