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exercise, revision, testing. Visual materials have an important role to play in the 
development of hearing and speaking skills. Teaching materials can also be used to 
assist in the general development of the pupil's personality, and this is of great 
educational value. Teaching materials acquire special importance in gaining cultural 
aims. In this connection it is necessity to mention the qualities teaching materials 
should possess:
1. Authenticity
2. Clarity
3. Practicality
4. Appropriateness
According to A. Spicer, "The purpose of teaching materials is not to usurp the 
role of the teacher, nor even to make his work easier. Their main purpose is to make it 
possible for the teacher to teach more effectively, more interestingly and more 
economically. It is equally important that the material should help the pupil to learn 
more easily and more rapidly."
Lecture 4 
Typology of exercises 
1. Exercises as an important aspect of teaching. 
2. Different approaches = different exercises. 
1. Exercises as an important aspect of teaching 
Each science has its own basic categories. The main basic categories in
methodology of foreign language teaching are: technique, method and system of
teaching. We have considered the categories of technique and method in our
previous discussion. The categories of method can be used in two different
meanings in methodology: 
1. Method as an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language
material. 
2. Method as one of the ways of teaching. 
In didactics method is considered as one of the ways of teaching – the
way the teacher works with his students. The choice of a method depends on
the language material to be learned by students. In pedagogy you can come
across many methods of teaching, such as: 
•
Oral presentation of the material (the teacher’s story, explanation,
lecture) 
•
Working with a textbook or a book 
•
Students visual activities (usage of pictures, illustrations, films etc.) 
•
Laboratory work 
•
Exercises 
•
Creative activites 
To choose the most adequate ways of foreign language teaching we
should analyse the process of teaching this subject. These are two aspects in
foreign language teaching that are closely connected: 

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1.
The development of speech skills. 
2.
The acquisition of the language material. 
And for both of these aspects the most important are: practice, drill,
exercises. Exercises help both the development of speech skills and the
acquisition of the language material. I.D. Salistra in his work “Очерки методов 
обучения иностранным языкам” gives a definition to the exercise: “An exercise is a 
purpose-oriented, organized, repetitive performance of an action aimed at mastering 
this action and improving the ways of its performance”. 
Exercise is one of the indispensable components of the foreign language
teaching process. In works and books on methodology you can come across a
great number of systems and classifications of exercises.
What is an exercise? If we analyse the definition given by Salistra we can
say that: 

Each exercise has its objective. 

An exercise is a specially organized activity. 

The aim of any exercise is perfection of some activity. 

To make the action (activity) perfect and automatic it must be repeated
many times. 

Each exercise has specific characteristic features. It must have its own
place in the system of exercises and do what it can do, that is it must help
the development of some habit. That is each exercise must be adequate (sufficient, 
fully suitable). 
Naccob gives the following definition of the adequacy of exercises: “Adequacy 
of an exercise is its potential ability to be the most effective means of achieving a 
specific purpose. This ability is determined by the specific character and features of 
the exercise”. 
Example: “The objective of our today’s class is developing speech skills”

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