Grammar-translation. Learning is largely by translation to and from the target language. Grammar rules are to be memorized and long lists of vocabulary learned by heart. There is little or no emphasis placed on developing oral ability.
Audio-lingual. The theory behind this method is that learning a language means acquiring habits. There is much practice of dialogues of any situations. New language is first heard and extensively drilled before being seen in its written form.
The structural approach. This method sees a language as a complex of grammatical rules which are to be learned one at a time in a set order. So for example the verb "to be" is introduced and practised before the present continuous tense which uses "to be" as an auxiliary.
Suggestopedia. The theory underlying this method is that a language can be acquired only when the learner is receptive and has no mental blocks. By various methods it is suggested to the student that the language is easy – and in this way the mental blocks to learning are removed.
Total Physical Response (TPR). TPR works by having the learner respond to simple commands such as "Stand up", "Close your book", "Go to the window and open it." The method stresses the importance of aural comprehension.
Communicative language teaching (CLT). The focus of this method is to enable the learner to communicate effectively and appropriately in the various situations he/she would be likely to find himself/herself in. The content of CLT courses are functions such as inviting, suggesting, complaining or notions such as the expression of time, quantity, location.
The Silent Way. The method is called silent because the aim of the teacher is to say as little as possible in order that the learner can be in control of what he wants to say. No use is made of the mother tongue.
Community Language Learning. In this method attempts are made to build strong personal links between the teacher and the student so that there are no blocks to learning. There is much talk in the mother tongue which is translated by the teacher for repetition by the student.
Immersion. This corresponds to a great extent to the situation we have at our schools. ESL students are immersed in the English language for the whole of the school day and expected to learn math, science, humanities etc. through the medium of the target language, English.
The Natural Approach. This approach, propounded by Professor S. Krashen, stresses the similarities between learning the first and second languages. There is no correction of mistakes. Learning takes place by the students being exposed to language that is comprehensible or made comprehensible to them.
The Lexical Syllabus. This approach is based on a computer analysis of language which identifies the most common (and hence most useful) words in the language and their various uses. The syllabus teaches these words in broadly the order of their frequency, and great emphasis is placed on the use of authentic materials.
4. Teaching efficient EFL reading. Techniques of reading.
What is hybrid learning?
Quizlet is an online learning tool that lets the teacher (and the student) create flashcards, short tests and spelling Quizzes, vocabulary lists according to the language teaching needs.
Kialo is an online debate site that's built for structuring and mapping arguments, with Kialo Edu specifically aimed at use in the classroom. The idea behind Kialo is to help students work on their critical reasoning skills in order to better put knowledge into applicable action. By laying out how a debate looks, structurally, this can be a big help. Kialo allows teachers to take their classroom debates online, making this ideal for remote learning. It also offers a useful way to break down complex subjects into more digestible chunks for students. Kialo is an online-based discussion platform, while the KialoEdu subsection of that is specifically aimed at students and teachers. This allows teachers to create debates that are closed off specifically for the classroom. The platform works by organizing arguments into columns of pro and cons, each with sub-branches. Users rate arguments and these rise up or drop down the list accordingly. Kialo is free to use for students and teachers. Once signed up it's easy to create a new topic of debate and have that locked specifically to the students in the room who have been invited to join. Student can post claims, as they're called, which can be either a pro or a con in relation to the main topic of debate. These claims can then have claims within them, branching off to add complexity to the debate while remaining clearly structured so as to keep focus on the original point of discussion. Kialo allows for moderation by the teacher, which includes offering feedback to students on their ideas, argument structure, and research quality. But it is down to the students, ultimately, to decide what a good or bad argument is. This is achieved through impact voting, which raises or lowers a point accordingly. Teachers can organize students into teams to allow for group research, planning, and arguments online. While this can be group-focused, it is still then easy for teachers to filter individual contributions for assessment.
Liveworksheets is a tool which allows teachers to create interactive worksheets for their students. Teachers upload traditional print worksheets in PDF or as Word documents, and can then transform these into interactive exercises using different formats such as multiple choice, drag and drop or join the arrows, which can include audios or videos if necessary. It is also possible to create speaking exercises where students have to record themselves using the tool’s microphone. Students can do the worksheets online and send their answers to the teacher without any registration. A variety of worksheets already created by other users can also be accessed.
Communicative language teaching (CLT)
The focus of this method is to enable the learner to communicate effectively and appropriately in the various situations she would be likely to find herself in. The content of CLT courses are functions such as inviting, suggesting, complaining or notions such as the expression of time, quantity, location.
Concept checking
Consolidate
Content-based learning
Contextualise
D
Deductive learning
Diagnostic test
Direct Method
In this method the teaching is done entirely in the target language. The learner is not allowed to use his or her mother tongue. Grammar rules are avoided and there is emphasis on good pronunciation.
E
Echo correct
Elicit
Error
Exposure noun, expose verb
Extension task
Extensive listening/reading
F
Fluency
Formal assessment, evaluation
Formative assessment, evaluation
Frontal exercise
An exercise organized in the following way: stimulus, addressed to the whole group, - pause (when all the students do the task) - reproduction by one of the students ( the rest correct themselves) – stimulus.
Functional Approach
G
Graded reader
Grammar-Translation method
Guided discovery/Guided participatory approach
Guided writing
Ice-breaker
Immersion
This corresponds to a great extent to the situation we have at our schools. ESL students are immersed in the English language for the whole of the school day and expected to learn math, science, humanities etc. through the medium of the target language, English. Immigrant students who attend local schools find themselves in an immersion situation.
Inductive learning
Informal assessment, evaluation
Information-gap activity
Interactionism
A theory that language acquisition is based both on learners’ innate abilities and on opportunities to engage in conversations in which other speakers modify their speech to match the learners’ communication requirements.
Interference
Interlanguage
J
Jigsaw listening/reading
Jumbled paragraphs, pictures, sentences
Kinaesthetic learner
Language awareness
Lead-in
Learning strategies
Lexical Approach
Lexical Syllabus
This approach is based on a computer analysis of language which identifies the most common (and hence most useful) words in the language and their various uses. The syllabus teaches these words in broadly the order of their frequency, and great emphasis is placed on the use of authentic materials.
Mingle
Minimal pair
Natural order
Negotiating
Open class
Open comprehension questions
Open pairs
Phonemic chart
Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP)
Problem solving
Procedure
Process writing
Processing language
Productive skills
Proficiency test
Raise awareness
Rapport
Receptive skills
Recycle
Register
Reinforce
Routine
Rubric
S
Scheme of work
Sentence transformation
Silent period
Silent Way
This method is called ''silen'' because the aim of the teacher is to say as little as possible in order that the learner can be in control of what he wants to say. No use is made of the mother tongue.
Structural Approach
Task-based Learning (TBL)
Transformation drill
In a transformation drill the teacher says a word or a sentence and the student answers by changing the sentence into a new grammatical structure, e.g.Teacher: I bought a pen.
