Учебное пособие для специальностей «Переводческое дело» и«Иностранный язык: два иностранных языка»
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- Gaelic languages are also called Goidelic languages. They include: - Irish
- § 2. The Roman Conquest
| Brittonic languages
are also called Brythonic or British Celtic languages. They include: - Welsh, spoken in Wales; - Breton , spoken in Brittany (a region in the west of France); - Cornish , spoken in Cornwall (South-West England). Cornish passed out of use in the late 18 th c. and is on the verge of dying today. Currently, the number of speakers is about 2000. The Gaelic languages are also called Goidelic languages. They include: - Irish, spoken in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom; - Scottish Gaelic , spoken in Scotland; - Manx , spoken in the Isle-of-Man (between Scotland and Ireland). Today the language is on the verge of dying; the number of speakers is less than 2000 people. § 2. The Roman Conquest The Romans conquered a huge empire in Europe, Middle East and Africa. In 55 BC the Romans under Julius Caesar landed in Britain for the first time, but after a short stay they went back to Gaul. The following summer (54 BC) Caesar again made an attempt to invade the island. This time he succeeded in establishing himself in the South-East. Yet after a few meetings with the natives he had to return to Gaul. After that Britain was not troubled by the Romans for nearly 100 years. In 43 AD the Romans returned, now led by Emperor Claudius. They occupied a huge area now known as England and Wales. Scotland showed a stubborn resistance and remained unconquered. The Romans never tried to conquer Ireland. When the Romans conquered the British Isles, the territory was inhabited by the Celts. The conquest of Britain was followed by the process of Romanization: the territory became a Roman province. The Romans brought writing and a sophisticated legal system into Britain. They created new towns, and introduced drainage systems, houses with glass windows, and a form of central heating. One of the oldest buildings in Britain is the Roman lighthouse, or Pharos, at Dover. Also, due to the Romans long straight roads were built to rapidly move their troops through forest and swamp; trade and communications were considerably improved. The Romans brought with them their own speech. Latin, however, did not take the place of Celtic among the common people. It was, no doubt, primarily spoken by members of the ruling classes and those 14 dwelling in cities and towns. The Romans introduced the alphabet the British use today (yet, its use was confined to a small number of people only). A lot of words were borrowed by the Celts from Latin and later entered the English word-stock. For instance, the Roman influence is always evident in modern names of towns and cities ending in –caster, -chester, -cester , because „castrum‟ in Latin denoted a fort, and „castra‟ – a camp. The Romans removed their last legion from Britain in 410 A.D. as the army was needed to prevent barbarian invasions in mainland Europe. After the withdrawal of the Roman troops the use of the Latin language began to decline. Though the Celts were now free from the Romans, their independence was very short. жүктеу/скачать 1,38 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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