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4. Stages and problems of Kazakh language writing
The writings of Kazakh language come from ancient Turkic rune inscriptions. Arabic alphabet in
Turkic languages began being used since the second half of the VIII century. It came together with
the Islam.
In the XX century Kazakh language alphabet had changed three times. In 1912 the great Kazakh
enlightener Akhmet Baytursynov worked with the voice system of Kazakh language and on the
basis of the Arabic graphics he created a new alphabet of 28 letters and defined the rules of direct
writing. This alphabet was used in our country till 1929. Kazakhs, who live in other countries, (for
example, Afghanistan, Iran, China, Pakistan) still use this alphabet.
In 1929 the Kazakh language writing passed to 29 letter alphabet, based on the Latin graphic.
The new sound "хы" was added and it was indicated by the Latin letter h.
In 1940 the Kazakh writing passed to 42 letter alphabet, based on the Cyrillic graphic. To
indicate specific Kazakh sounds 9 letters (ә, ғ, қ, ң, ө, ұ, ү, һ), which are out of Cyrillic alphabet,
were added to the 33 letters of Russian language alphabet.
The last reform was carried out without taking into account the phonetic features of Kazakh
language: the sounds of Russian language were unnecessary added. Some extra letters for their
indication were included in Kazakh alphabet (в, ё, и, ц, щ, ф, э, ю, я, ь, ъ). The new requirements
in the Kazakh orthography (spelling rules), and a pronunciation (pronunciation rules) appeared. In
Kazakh language spelling and pronunciation of borrowed words from Russian must be in
accordance with the rules of Russian language. Some believe that such innovation develops Kazakh
language (imagine that English sounds are added to Russian language and to indicate them the
appropriate letters are included in the Russian alphabet and make Russian speaking people write
and pronounce borrowed English words in the Russian language in accordance with the norms of
the English language. Does it “develop” Russian language?). Many contradictions in orthography
and orthoepy appeared as a result of this "development" of the Kazakh language. Language has
become deformed. It started losing its internal unity and sounding. The Russian accent appeared in
Kazakh speech. Textbooks and scientific works devoted to Kazakh language are contradictory to
each other and still are published.
( Appendix A contains only Kazakh language schoolbooks and Kazakh language textbooks
where the voice system of Kazakh language is given differently).
Let’s have a look at the use of the Russian vowel sounds embedded into Kazakh language "и"
and "у" in order to show appeared contradictions in Kazakh language. For example, in a modern
writing such words as "би, "ми", "бу", "су" end with the sounds "и" and "у". In the third
person attractive completion form we write "би+i", "ми+ы", "бу+ы", "су+ы". This is contrary
with the rule: "In Kazakh language in the third person "i" or "ы" attractive endings are attached to
words which end with the consonants, and "сi" or "сы" are attached to the words which end with
vowels. If in Kazakh language sounds "и" and "у" will be considered as consonants, then in words
"би", "ми", "бу", "су", "ту" there will not be any syllable. And we have 2 questions from that:
1.
“Are the rules about endings correct in Kazakh language?”
2.
“Are there any words without syllables in Kazakh?”
To make these rules correct these words must be rewritten with the use of Kazakh sounds: "бій",
"мый", "бұу", "сұу", "тұу".
In such a state Kazakh language does not develop as the official language of Republic of
Kazakhstan. This state destroys Kazakh language. So there is no doubt that new reform in Kazakh
language is needed. If the process of reform will not start now, Kazakh language will transform in
some kind of hybrid language and lose its natural features.
Necessity of the realization of reform on the basis of the voice system of Kazakh language by
transformation to Latin alphabet, which makes it easy to use and create information technologies
effectively, is obvious. During its realization it is necessary to renew orthographic, orthoepic,
morphological, syntactic rules and to work out technologies for processing them in a computer and
prepare schoolbooks and textbooks for all education levels.
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