must
have to/ has to
Everybody must work.
Каждый человек должен работать
(этический принцип).
I often have to work on weekends.
Мне часто приходится работать по
выходным.
В прошедшем времени оборот to have to имеет форму had to и
переводится как «должен был, пришлось».
It was late and he had to take a taxi ['tæksɪ].
Было поздно и ему пришлось взять такси.
В будущем времени оборот to have to имеет форму will have to
и переводится как «должен буду, придется».
Tomorrow is Monday, so I will have to go to
school again.
Завтра понедельник, поэтому мне снова
придется идти в школу.
75
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНОЙ И ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЙ ФОРМ
PRESENT SIMPLE
В настоящем времени вопросительная форма образуется при
помощи вспомогательного глагола do (does).
число/
лицо
Утв. форма
Отр. форма
Вопр. форма
1 л.
I have to do
I don’t have to do
Do I have to do?
2 л.
You have to do
You don’t have to do
Do you have to do?
3 л.
He has to do
She has to do
It has to do
He doesn’t have to do
She doesn’t have to do
It doesn’t have to do
Does he have to do?
Does she have to do?
Does it have to do?
1 л.
We have to do
We don’t have to do
Do we have to do?
2 л.
You have to do
You don’t have to do
Do you have to do?
3 л.
They have to do They don’t have to do
Do they have to do?
PAST SIMPLE
В прошедшем времени вопросительная и отрицательная формы
образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола did.
число/
лицо
Утв. форма
Отр. форма
Вопр. форма
1 л.
I had to do
I didn’t have to do
Did I have to do?
2 л.
You had to do
You didn’t have to do
Did you have to do?
3 л.
He had to do
She had to do
It had to do
He didn’t have to do
She didn’t have to do
It didn’t have to do
Did he have to do?
Did she have to do?
Did it have to do?
1 л.
We had to do
We didn’t have to do
Did we have to do?
2 л.
You had to do
You didn’t have to do
Did you have to do?
3 л.
They had to do
They didn’t have to do
Did they have to do?
FUTURE SIMPLE
76
В будущем времени вопросительная и отрицательная формы
образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола will.
число
/лицо
Утв. форма
Отр. форма
Вопр. форма
1 л.
I will have to do
I won’t have to do
Will I have to do?
2 л.
You will have to do You won’t have to do
Will you have to do?
3 л.
He will have to do
She will have to do
It will have to do
He won’t have to do
She won’t have to do
It won’t have to do
Will he have to do?
Will she have to do?
Will it have to do?
1 л.
We will have to do
We won’t have to do
Will we have to do?
2 л.
You will have to do You won’t have to do
Will you have to do?
3 л.
They will have to do They won’t have to do Will they have to do?
ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ:
Отрицательная форма оборота to have to употребляется для
выражения отсутствия необходимости выполнять какое-либо
действие. Вместо don’t/doesn’t have to может употребляться
модальный глагол needn’t, при этом смысл предложения не меняется.
You needn’t go shopping today,
we have plenty of food.
You don’t have to go shopping today,
we have plenty of food.
Тебе не надо (нет необходимости) идти
в магазин сегодня, у нас полно еды.
77
V. EXERCISES
1. Make the sentences negative and interrogative.
A. Example: My colleagues often have to stay late at work. -
My colleagues don’t often have to stay late at work. Do my
colleagues often have to stay late at work?
1. My parents have to pay for my training. 2. I have to get up
early. 3. He often has to stay in town in summer. 4. My sister
has to wear a uniform. 5. We often have to work on weekends.
B. Example: Jane had to stay at work late yesterday. - Jane didn’t have to stay at
work late last night. Did Jane have to stay at work late last night?
1. I had to leave the party early last night. 2. My boss had to study for many years to
become a professional. 3. She had to learn flower arranging. 4. He had to work hard
to pass all the tests. 5. They had to accept her choice.
C. Example: We will have to speak English in class. - We will not have to speak
English in class. Will we have to speak English in class?
1. Makiko will have to serve customers. 2. I will have to take a shower.
3. She will
have to make conversation. 4. Josh will have to join the army. 5. They will have to
support their son.
2. Complete the sentences with have to/has to or don’t have to/doesn’t have to.
1. He … work hard to pass all the tests. 2. You … have a passport to visit foreign
countries. 3. Ann‟s eyes are not good, she ... wear glasses for reading. 4. Many
children in Britain … wear uniforms when they go to school. 5. Scott is in college
now so his parents … pay for his studies. 6. Peter … finish his work today. It can‟t
wait. 7. You can‟t use a credit card at this store. You … pay cash. 8. You can‟t wear
jeans to the party. You … wear a suit. 9. Jane … do any homework today. Tomorrow
is a holiday. 10. He would like to stay out later, but he … be home before midnight.
11. You … go by train, you can take a bus if you want to. 12. I‟m sorry I can‟t drive
you to the airport. I … take my car to the mechanic.
3. Your friend Arnold is in the army and he hates it. He
has to do many things he doesn’t want to. Use the
prompts to make questions about what Arnold has to do.
Then answer the questions.
Examples: to get short haircuts – Student A: Does he have
to get short haircuts? Student B: Yes, he has to get short
haircuts.
to get a part-time job – Student A: Does he have to get a
part-time job? Student B: No, he doesn’t have to get a part-
time job.
78
1. to go through basic training
2. to pay for the training
3. to get up at 5 a.m.
4. to go to university
5. to learn the discipline and routine
6. to buy fashionable clothes
7. to wear a uniform
8. to obey orders
9. to get up at night to feed the baby
10. to ask his parents for pocket money
11. to peel potatoes
12. to go to rifle training
13. to eat army food all the time
4. Rearrange the sentences as in the example. Use have to in Future Simple.
Example: Albert wants to lose weight, but he doesn‟t like to exercise. – If Albert
wants to lose weight, he will have to exercise.
1. My brother wants to join the army, but he
doesn‟t like to obey orders. 2. Linda wants to
be a good tennis player, but she doesn‟t like to
practice. 3. Ann wants to learn Spanish, but she
doesn‟t like to do grammar exercises. 4. Peter
wants to go fishing, but he doesn‟t like to get
up early. 5. Sue wants to get good grades, but
she doesn‟t like to do her homework. 6. Jack
wants to go college, but he doesn‟t like to study. 7. Barney wants to look good, but he
doesn‟t like to shave every day. 8. She wants to become a geisha, but she doesn‟t like
to wear a kimono. 9. I want to learn to play the guitar, but I don‟t like to practice.
5. Use have to in Future Simple.
Example: The dishes are clean (wash). – I won’t have to wash them.
1. The dog has already eaten (feed). 2. She knows how to use the camera (show). 3.
My old car runs pretty well after the repair (buy a new car). 4. I have got a grant to
study (pay my studies). 5. Scott can paint the house himself (help). 6. My friend
already knows about the party (tell). 7. I‟ve bought everything we need for dinner (go
shopping). 8. I‟ve passed my English test (take it again). 9. I‟ve already had dinner
(cook tonight).
6. Complete the sentences with have to in the correct tense form.
Example: We didn‟t have free tickets for the match, so we had to pay to get to the
stadium.
79
1. We‟ve got plenty of time, so we … leave yet. 3. Last night Don suddenly felt sick
and we … call the doctor. 3. Next Friday we are going on a three-day hike in the
mountains, so we … take a lot of food with us. 4. Ann doesn‟t know about the
meeting. You … call her. 5. Jack wears a beard, so he … shave. 6. The shop is
already closed. We … come again tomorrow. 7. There was no bus, so we … walk
home. 8. I‟m taking my final exams in a week. I … work hard. 9. I‟m sorry, I
couldn‟t come yesterday. I … work late. 10. My father is very forgetful, Mom always
… remind him to take his keys. 11. They couldn‟t understand at first, I … repeat
everything three times. 12. He can‟t go to the game because he … visit his aunt in the
hospital. 13. Last year we … take three buses to get to work. Now we live near our
jobs so we can walk to work. 14. Yesterday I … go to the doctor so I couldn‟t go to
school. 15. Last week I … study for three tests. It was terrible.
7. Choose the correct variant.
1. You mustn’t/don’t have to leave a dog in a hot
car. 2. In Italy you mustn’t/don’t have to spend
much money to eat well. 3. Peter mustn’t/doesn’t
have to finish his report today. It can wait. 4. You
mustn’t/don’t have to mix alcohol and medicines.
5. You mustn’t/don’t have to go if you don‟t want
to. 6. You mustn’t/don’t have to wear a tie if you
don‟t want to. 7. You mustn’t/don’t have to pay in
some museums, they‟re free. 8. You mustn’t/don’t
have to speak during a written exam. 9. Jim can spend more time with his family
now, because he mustn’t/doesn’t have to work on weekends. 10. Ben mustn’t/doesn’t
have to get up early. 11. You mustn’t/don’t have to forget what I just told you. 12.
Helen is married to a successful businessman, so she mustn’t/doesn’t have to work.
8. Translate the sentences.
A. 1. Дедушке Макико пришлось заплатить за ее обучение и купить
кимоно. 2. Макико приходится изучать традиционные японские виды
искусства. 3. Ей приходится играть на музыкальных инструментах, изучать
чайную церемонию и экибану. 4. Она вынуждена сдавать разные тесты и
экзамены. 5. Когда Макико станет гейшей, ей придется обслуживать и
развлекать клиентов: петь, танцевать и вести беседу.
В. 1. Мои родители хотели, чтобы я стал инженером, и мне пришлось
принять их выбор. 2. В прошлом году я поступил в университет, и мне
пришлось уехать из семьи. 3. Сейчас я студент, и моим родителям приходиться
платить за мое обучение. 4. Я вынужден много трудиться и сдавать разные
экзамены и тесты. 5. Я должен вставать рано каждое утро, и мне часто
приходится оставаться в университете допоздна. 6. Каждый вечер я должен
выполнять домашние задания, потому что мне нельзя провалить экзамены. 7.
Когда я учился в школе, мне приходилось носить школьную форму. 8. Я очень
рад, что сейчас мне не нужно это делать. 9. Мне придется учиться много лет,
чтобы стать профессионалом.
80
U
U
U
N
N
N
I
I
I
T
T
T
7
7
7
S
S
S
T
T
T
A
A
A
R
R
R
T
T
T
I
I
I
N
N
N
G
G
G
Y
Y
Y
O
O
O
U
U
U
R
R
R
O
O
O
W
W
W
N
N
N
B
B
B
U
U
U
S
S
S
U
U
U
N
N
N
E
E
E
S
S
S
S
S
S
81
I. LISTENING AND READING
Listen to the text
Read and translate the text
STARTING YOUR OWN BUSINESS?
Here are some helpful tips from George Stanton:
1 Make a plan: You should start by
making a business plan. You should be able to
work out how much money you will need to
set up the business. You should also work out
how much you will make in the first few years.
2 Do your research: If someone else is
already doing what you want to do, you should
find out how much they charge for their goods
or services and how successful they are.
3 Don't neglect design: If you are going
to sell a product, you should invest in a good
designer for the product and the packaging. If you are offering a service, advertising
should be a significant part of your budget. You should hire an experienced website
designer, as advertising on the Internet is essential nowadays.
4 Plan your working environment: You should always take a lot of care
with decoration and lighting, so you and your employees enjoy working there.
5 Do what you like and like what you do: The most important thing in
business is that you believe in your product or service. If so you should be a huge
success!
II. NOTES
George Stanton [ʤɔːʤ 'stæntən]
Джорж Стэнтон
82
III. VOCABULARY
1. to make a plan
You should start by making a
business plan.
составить план
Следует начать с составления бизнес-
плана.
2. to work out
You should also work out how
much you will make in the first few
years.
посчитать
Следует также посчитать, сколько вы
заработаете в первые несколько лет.
3. to set up a business
открыть предприятие, фирму
4. to do research [rɪ'sɜːʧ]
проводить (научные) исследования
5. to make sure
убедиться; удостовериться
6. competition [ˌkɔmpə'tɪʃn]
You should make sure you know
everything you can about the
competition.
конкуренты
Вы должны быть уверены, что знаете
все, что только можно о своих
конкурентах.
7. to find out
выяснить, разузнать
8. goods [gudz]
товар; товары
9. to charge [ʧɑːʤ]
You should find out how much
they charge for their goods or
services.
назначать, запрашивать цену
Вам следует выяснить, сколько они
берут за свои товары или услуги.
10. to neglect [nɪ'glekt]
Don't neglect design.
пренебрегать
Не пренебрегайте дизайном.
11. product ['prɔdʌkt]
to sell a product
товар, изделие
продавать товар
12. to invest [ɪn'vest] in smb/smth
You should invest in a good
designer.
инвестировать в к-л/ч-л
Вам следует вложить деньги в
хорошего дизйнера.
13. packaging ['pækɪʤɪŋ]
упаковка
14. to offer a service
предлагать услугу
15. advertising
['ædvətaɪzɪŋ]
размещение рекламы
16. significant
[sɪg'nɪfɪkənt]
to be a significant part of the
budget.
['bʌʤɪt]
значительный, важный
составлять
существенную
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