ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
139
Major source of calcium in modern diet is dairy food products. Dietary calcium is also found in vegeta-
bles, fruits, or the small bones of fish such as cannedsalmon or anchovies. Inadequate intake of calcium
might lead to decreased bone mineral density and increase the risk of bone fractures.Consequently, existing
guidelines recommend to avoid low calcium intake, especially in senior age [3]. International and national
agencies have adopted recommendations for calcium intake. In Nordic countries, recommended calcium
intake is 800 mg/day for adult males and females. It was suggested that physical activity mightmodify the
bone response to dietary calcium especially during growth phase: the higher the calcium intake, the more
beneficial the effect that increased physical activity exerts on bones.The potential danger of a high intake is
that a portion of calcium might accumulate in soft tissues.Interestingly, overconsumption of calcium (>1400
mg/day) were associated with higher rates of death from all causes and cardiovascular disease [4].
Role of phosphorus (phosphate)
Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body and is an essential nutrient in many me-
tabolic activities.Phosphorus plays a pivotal role in the onset of mineral and bone diseases. Similarly to cal-
cium, the main regulators of phosphate homeostasis include PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and a number
of peptides collectively known as the “phosphatonins”.Phosphate is ubiquitous and can be found in all natu-
ral foods of animal and plant origin.Phosphate ingested through the diet is absorbed by the small intestine
(duodenum and jejunum) via both a passive diffusional and an active sodium-dependent process. Generally,
absorption is lower for phosphorus of plant origin than for phosphorus of animal origin [5]. At the level of ab-
sorption, phosphate interacts with other dietary minerals, such as calcium, magnesium and sodium, and an
increase in dietary magnesium results in a decrease in phosphate absorption.
Recommended phosphorus intake in Nordic countries is 600 mg/day for adult males and females. The
use of food additives with phosphorus in the food industry is very common nowadaysfor their countless fea-
tures including color and moisture retention, anti-caking, and flavor enhancement. The amount of phospho-
rus in form of additives is substantial compared to the natural phosphorus content. In USA, phosphorus add-
ed during processing can represent an average daily intake of 500 mg/day. In contrast to phosphorus from
natural sources, added phosphorus is almost completely absorbed.The effects of phosphateoverconsump-
tion on bone heath have been controversial. Some studies indicated that high phosphate intake can nega-
tively affect bone health in subjects with unbalanced (low) dietary Ca:P ratio [6]. One can say that calcium
and phosphorus are "co-dependent" nutrients which are both affecting the health of bones.
Role of magnesium
Magnesium is an important mineral for human health, performing a wide range of functions in our
body, including an essential role in bone health. Similarly to calcium, the majority of the body’s magnesium
are located in the bone (60%), and thebones act as a magnesium storage, shifting magnesium into the blood
when need.Approximately 30–50% of dietary magnesium is absorbed in the intestine. In magnesium intake
is low, absorption rate increased up to 80%. Several studies demonstrated that dietary magnesium restric-
tion promotes osteoporosis [7]. In menopausal women and in the elderly it was shown that adequate intakes
of magnesium is related to greater bone mass density.Nutritional monitoring programs revealed an insuffi-
cient dietary magnesium intake in Europe. Adequate daily intake of magnesium is necessary to maintain
bone health. Magnesium is found in green, leafy vegetables, legumes, whole grain cereals, dark chocolate,
nuts, and coffee.Recommended phosphorus intake in Nordic countries is 280 mg/day for adult females and
350 mg/day for males. Magnesium depletion is very unusual. Overconsumption of magnesiumwasassociated
with the higher incidence of wrist fracture [8]. It was suggested thathigh levels of magnesium in bones inhi-
bits the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals by competing with calcium.
Boron, zinc and copper
Boron is important in the formation of steroid hormones, such as estradiol and testosterone, and there-
fore, is indirectly involved in the prevention of calcium loss and bone demineralization. Various animal and
cell culture studies demonstrated that boron is beneficial to bone growth and maintenance [9]. However, evi-
dence ofboron effect on human bonesare limited and more studies are warranted.Boron is widely distributed
in fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes and to a lesser extent in animal foods and most grains.Boron is
usually well absorbed (up to 85%) from the gastrointestinal tract.
Zinc has been demonstrated to have a wide variety of roles in humans including a role in mineraliza-
tion of bones byregulation of osteoblastic activity, collagen synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase activity. A
relationship between zinc status and bone turnover in elder adults was shown [10].Recommended zinc in-
take in Nordic countries is 7 mg/day for adult females and 9 mg/day for males. High levels of zinc is found in
meat, dairy products, and whole-grain cereals. Absorption of zinc greatly depends on the amount of zinc
present in the intestine, the presence of dietary enhancerssuch as animal proteins and citric acid, or inhibi-
tors such as phytic and oxalic acids.
The role of cooper in bone metabolism is less understood.Some studies indicated that copper is
needed to increase the crosslinking of collagen and elastin molecules [11].The highest levels of copper are
found in liver, and grain products, meats, dried fruits, mushrooms and tomatoes contain intermediate le-
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
140
vels.The gastrointestinal system can absorb up to 30–40% of copper from the typical diets. The distributionof
copper throughout the body is mainly mediated by the protein ceruloplasmin. The precise requirement for
copper is not defined.
The antagonism between zinc and copper is well described. High levels of zinc inhibit copper absorp-
tion and might lead to copper deficiency. The mechanism behind this inhibition is zinc-induced upregulation
of the protein metallothionein within enterocytes. Metallothionein binds both zinc and copper, buthas stronger
affinity for copper. Thus, the copper-metallothionein complex remains trapped withinthe intestinal cells caus-
ing great reduction in copper absorption.
Role of vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. Its importance to bone health including calcium and phosphate ho-
meostasis is very well known. Vitamin D protects the organism from calcium and phosphorus deficiency via
interconnected effects on the intestine, kidney, parathyroid gland, and bone. Numerous studies in humans
clearly demonstrated that vitamin D is essential to prevent rickets in children.Osteomalacia (rickets in child-
ren) is a clinical feature of vitamin D deficiency due to impaired bone mineralization, so called “soft bones”
[12].
The major source ofvitamin D is from sensible sun exposure. Ultraviolet B photons (290–315 nm) pe-
netrate into the skin where they are react with 7-dehydrocholesterol to form precholecalciferol. Precholecalci-
ferol undergoes rearrangement of its double bonds to form cholecalciferol. The conversion of vitamin D to its
active form occurs in the kidneys, but it can also occur in the skin, prostate, brain, pancreas, adipose tissue,
skeletal muscle, heart and colon. 7-dehydrocholesterollevels in the skin decrease with age; thus, older per-
sons havereduced capacity to produce cholecalciferol. At the latitude of the Nordic countries (55° N–72°
N)vitamin D production by the skin can be low and deficiency should be avoided by intake of diets rich in vi-
tamin D. Vitamin D3 is present in some foods of animal origin. Examples of foods contain vitamin D include
oily fish such as salmon, sardines, pilchards, trout and eel. Small amounts of vitamin D can also be found in
eggs, meat and milk. Vitamin D supplementation has been used in the Nordic countries with the currently
recommended daily dose of 10 μg has been effective in preventing rickets [13].
The public health consequences of vitamin D deficiency are severe. As vitamin D status is related to
bone mineral density and bone turnover, vitamin D deficiency might cause mineralization defects and bone
loss, leading to osteoporosis and fractures.
Role of vitamin K
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin most well-known for the important role it plays in blood clotting. How-
ever, vitamin K has also a significant role in human bone health via involvement of the gamma-carboxylation
of osteocalcin (bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein), which is the most abundant noncollagen-
ous protein of bone matrix.Vitamin D is known to directly stimulate osteocalcin transcription while vitamin K
regulates carboxylation processes.Epidemiological studies and clinical trials repeatable demonstrated that
vitamin K has a beneficial effect on bone mineral density and decreases fracture risk [14]. In contrast, a low
vitamin K intake is associated with an enhanced risk for osteoporotic fractures.Vitamin K was also shown to
inhibit vascular calcification indicating an important role of vitamin K in atherosclerosis development. Howev-
er, this needs to be confirmed in larger human studies.
Vitamin K occurs naturally in two forms: phylloquinone, which is synthesised by plants, and menaqui-
nones which is produced by bacteria. Green vegetables and vegetable oils are good sources of phylloqui-
none whereas menaquinones are mainly found in liver, meat, egg and dairy foods. No recommendation for
vitamin K intake given due to lack of sufficient evidence. Some sources estimate that an adult needs approx-
imately 0.001mg/ day of vitamin K for each kilogram of their body weight. Generally, people are encouraged
to consume a vitamin K-rick diet with green leafy vegetables and vegetable oils.Today no side effects are
associated with overconsumption of vitamin K.Synthetic analogue of vitamin K,menadione,showed associa-
tion with liver damage and haemolyticanaemia and was withdrawn from therapeutical use.
Role of vitamin A
The role of a fat-soluble vitamin A in the maintenance of bone health is controversial. This may be due
to the lack of an accurate assessment of vitamin A intake. Population-based studies showed an association
between high dietary intake of preformed vitamin A from animal-source foods, fortified foods, and some sup-
plements, to an increased risk of osteoporosis development and fractures.This fact was explained by ability
of vitamin A activate an increase in osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone. Alternatively (or additionally)
overconsumption of vitamin A in form of retinolmight negatively interfere with vitamin D. In contrast, carote-
noids from plants were associated with improved bone health.Vitamin A is present in the diet either as pre-
formed vitamin A (retinol) in animal foods or as carotenoids in orange and dark green plant foods. Recom-
mended intakes of vitamin A estimated as retinol equivalent (RE) in Nordic countries are 700 RE/day for
adult female and 900 RE/day for adult male. RAE is equal to:
• 1 μg of dietary or supplemental preformed vitamin A (i.e. retinol)
• 2 μg of supplemental β-carotene
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
141
• 12 μg of dietary β-carotene
• 24 μg of other dietary provitaminA carotenoids (e.g. α-carotene andβ-cryptoxanthin).
Vitamin A has a quite narrow optimal window with low and high intakes.Overconsumption of vitamin A
might be highly toxic already at dose above 3-4 times of recommended levels.This explains why liver which
contains high amounts of vitamin A, is not recommended for children and pregnant women on daily basis.
Other vitamins and minerals
Vitamins B6 and B12, as well as folic acid, might play a protective role in osteoporosis. One of the risk
factors for osteoporotic fractures is an elevatedplasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy).Vitamins Bserve as co-
factors for the enzymes involved in Hcy metabolism and are therefore determinants of Hcy status [15].Hcy
levels and deficiency of vitamins B were associated with increased fracture risk.Several epidemiological stu-
dies have shown a positive association between folate and cobalamin status and bone health.It was also
suggested that ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is essential for the formation of type I collagen matrix and bone mi-
neralization.Due to antioxidant properties, vitamin E was also associated with increased bone mass and de-
creased fracture risk.
Role of dietary flavonoids
Historically, the majority of investigations on diet and bone health has been focused on calcium and vi-
tamin D.The relevance of other dietary components, for example the bioactive flavonoids has been less in-
vestigated. Fruits, vegetables, tea and wine are the main dietary sources of flavonoids. Flavonoids are fur-
ther classified as flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, and isoflavones.Many flavono-
ids were shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and are important in prevention of coro-
nary heart disease and some cancers. Tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world. Several
studies conducted in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia have identified an association between
consumption of tea and enhanced bone health. In contrast, caffeine consumption was identified as a poten-
tial risk factor for low bone mass density and high fracture risk.The exact mechanism of flavonoid effect on
bone health is not known, but it is believed to be through the inhibition of bone resorption and the stimulation
of bone growth.An animal study demonstrated that a mixture ofpolyphenols extracted from green tea im-
proved viability of osteoblasts isolated from neonatal Sprague–Dawley rat calvariae[16]. The flavonoid quer-
cetin, which is found in citrus fruits, apples, onions and parsley, inhibits the activity of mature osteoclasts invi-
tro.
Osteoporosis and lifestyle
Bone mass is influenced not by diet solely but also by many other factors, including physical activity,
smoking and alcohol intake, and of course by genetic predisposition. Heavy alcohol consumption is harmful
to many human organs and tissues, including bones. Alcohol directly affect the growth of mesenchymal stem
cells in the bone marrow and the transformation into osteoblasts [17] or indirectly through the inhibition of the
steroid hormone production. Moreover, the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were reduced in alcoholics [18].It is likely however that small to moderate alcohol
consumption has a positive effect on bone mass density [19].Smoking increases the risk of osteoporosis and
bone fractures because smoke generates huge amounts of free radicals. Moreover, smoking has a negative
effect on estrogens, which are important in the maintenance of bone mass in adult women.Physical activity
has a beneficial effect on reduction of the risk for osteoporotic fractures.Currently, our knowledge on the me-
chanism of how physical exercisesaffect osteoporosis is incomplete and further investigations are needed.
Conclusion
The importance of micronutrients in the bone health is well known. The micronutrients including cal-
cium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and vitamin K are especially important. Moreover, bone health is
affected by zinc, copper, boron, manganese and boron. A healthy diet containing balanced nutrients, regular
physical activity and avoiding smoking help in maintenance of bone health and prevent or delay osteoporosis
development.It is likely that whole dietary patterns, and not just individual vitamins and minerals, are impor-
tant in bone health.
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ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
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УДК 544.723.2:553.611.5-032.25(574.21)
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ ГЛИН МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИИ КОСТАНАЙСКОЙ
ОБЛАСТИ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ОЧИСТКИ ВОДЫ ОТ ИОНОВ ЖЕЛЕЗА
Интыкбаева Г.И.- магистрант, Костанайский государственный университет им. А. Байтур-
сынова.
Клочко Л.В.- к.х.н., доцент, Костанайский государственный университет им. А. Байтурсыно-
ва.
В статье приведены результаты по исследованию адсорбционных свойств природных глин
месторождении Костанайской области и применению их для очистки воды от ионов железа(ІІІ).
Ключевые слова: адсорбция, природные глины, фотометрический метод анализа.
Железо может встречаться в природных водах в следующих видах: истинно растворённом виде
(двухвалентное железо, прозрачная бесцветная вода), нерастворённом виде (трёхвалентное железо,
прозрачная вода с коричневато-бурым осадком или ярко выраженными хлопьями), коллоидном со-
стоянии или тонкодисперсной взвеси (окрашенная желтовато-коричневая опалесцирующая вода,
осадок не выпадает даже при длительном отстаивании), железоорганика - соли железа и гуминовых и
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
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