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Helana Ryan, Leonid Chindelevitch, Ashleigh Haruda,
Professor Alan K. Outram
Centre for HumAnE Bioarchaeology, Department of Archaeology, College of
Humanities, University of Exeter
EXPLORING THE USE OF GEOMETRIC
MORPHOMETRICS AND STATISTICAL MODELLING TO
INVESTIGATE EARLY HORSE DOMESTICATION
AMONGST PREHISTORIC HORSE (EQUUS CABALLUS)
POPULATIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN
The domestication of the horse (
Equus ferus caballus) has been a
focus of researchers across multiple disciplines throughout the last
century. The domestic horse revolutionized socio-economic
development, contributed to the spread
of Indo-European languages,
and facilitated technological and cultural developments, such as
warfare and trade. The process of domestication involves
complicated genetic change resulting from the novel conditions
associated with a controlled living environment and breeding system,
often resulting in varying physical characteristics between
domesticates and their wild relatives and ancestors. This study
examines samples of domesticated and wild horse teeth to discover
whether or not enamel tooth patterning exhibits these phylogenetic
signals. The data in the investigation has been collected from horse
teeth from both modern and significant prehistoric populations
ranging from across Kazakhstan and Europe, including from the site
of Botai, the earliest site with strong, multiples lines of evidence for
the domestication of the horse.
Geometric morphometrics is an
advanced method of
morphological analysis based on cartesian coordinates which can
extract biologically-meaningful shape information held within two
and three dimensional forms whilst removing the non-useful
elements of size. GMM is regularly employed in the fields of
evolutionary and developmental biology due to its ability to
quantitatively model phenotypic plasticity and is useful to
zooarchaeologists when attempting to conduct inter and infraspecific
comparisons using only archaeological faunal material. GMM has
been used to successfully discriminate between
modern taxonomic
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groups of horses using the information held within dental
architecture, specifically the enamel pattern of the occlusal surface of
the second premolar (P2) and third molar teeth (M3) of the maxillary
dental arcade. 2-D Geometric data was collected from photographs
of horse teeth using computer software (TPSdig2) to landmark eight
specific anatomical points on the tooth surface. Following
landmarking, Procrustes analysis was performed to separate size and
shape data.
The 2-D GMM data collection was
analysed using advanced
statistical modelling techniques, including penalised logistic
regression, partial least squares regression, and linear discriminant
analysis, which attempt to identify the optimal linear combinations of
the variables for separating the samples into categories. As an
alternative to statistical modelling, this
study used machine learning
tools such as support vector machines, naive Bayes, and random
forests, which can build complex non-linear predictors. Preliminary
statistical models and machine learning analysis of the occlusal
patterning of the P2 and M3 teeth in these samples showed some
population separation by site, while separation by domestication
status remained inconclusive. Overall, our results will determine
whether or not, even in combination with powerful statistical
modelling, the study of the two-dimensional shape of horse teeth via
GMM will be sufficient to definitively classify archaeological
samples according to their domestication status.
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