Педагогика. Психология. Социология

229
№ 1(134)/2021
ВЕСТНИК Евразийского национального университета имени Л.Н. Гумилева. 
Серия Педагогика. Психология. Социология
BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. 
P
edagogy. 
P
sychology. 
S
ociology 
S
eries
K. Yernazar, B. Bauyrzhan
is that it creates clear lines of authority and 
addresses existing problems through decision-
makers as key stakeholders with limited extent of 
changes during the implementation process [11]. 
This way it can filter down the larger strategic 
goals from the top to lower-level administrative 
staff. Nevertheless, there is always a transfer 
risk of implementation issues. Sometimes, the 
big picture
that authorities envision is not always 
understood by line managers when implementing 
a policy design [12]. Another argument for a top-
down approach is oriented towards increasing 
the social capital via a collectivist society. In other 
words, a consolidated and unified society with 
shared values, identity and common societal 
problems will constitute eventually common 
goals. For instance, in the Kazakhstani case 
between CCS and MISD, the social capital that 
is nurtured is the formation of a single national 
interaction mechanism for the public, media and 
governmental bodies. This is especially significant 
and relevant in a post-soviet context, where the 
political processes mirror inherited fragments of 
the past. Hence, a central state institution would 
favor an effective, operative, and systematic 
communication with all stakeholders to deliver 
trustworthy information exchange and combat 
disinformation contents.
Contrary to a top-down approach, the example 
of MyWmeste initiative in Russia exemplified 
that through a bottom-up approach the society 
can consolidate both human and financial 
resources without initial government initiative. 
Crescenzi and Rodríguez-Pose (2011) argues that 
a bottom-up approach provides place awareness 
to local needs [13]. This way complex societal 
problems are solved more efficiently because 
local actors involved in the implementation and 
policy design processes know the nuances of the 
problem. Hence, they can adapt and improve 
the whole project to the real circumstances and 
not from a perspective of a policy maker [14,15]. 
Interestingly, another bottom-up initiated 
Experts Hub Kazakhstan program has been 
launched in Kazakhstan as of mid-November 
this year by the non- governmental organization 
communicative agency Red Point Kazakhstan. 
The program was created as a result of the 
emergence of massive disinformation flow during 
the COVID-19 pandemic period [16]. It aims to 
train fifty national experts from scientific fields 
of medicine, healthcare, and biological studies 
on how to effectively interact within the social 
network realm and how to communicate clearly 
scientific ideas to the public. The program should 
positively impact the mutual trust-based bridge 
between experts, government, and the general 
public in the fight against disinformation.
The significance of information communication 
aspects can be highlighted by explaining the 
role of the society and state within the so-called 
well-known knowledge deficit model [17, 18]. 
According to the model, an information vacuum 
in the society generates public skepticism towards 
the expert community. This is exacerbated when 
alternative information sources with destructive 
tendencies dominate information outlets and 
people in a society base their trust on hoaxes 
due to the fear of the unknown [19]. However, 
the model explains that the issue is not that the 
public does not understand the expert, but rather 
due to lack or insufficient reliable expert-based 
information [20]. Thus, the more knowledge or 
information a public community obtains and 
digests, the more objectively a person can assess 
the factualness of an information. However, the 
assumption that simply providing open and 
reliable information does not guarantee that 
people will trust, accept and learn, since many 
factors such as personal beliefs or functionally 
constructed fears come into play. [21, 22]. Instead, 
the government should pro-actively try to build 
a public basis to teach and not blame the public. 
This is especially relevant during constant and 
regular informational wars in the cyber realm. 
Hence, being able to check factual from non-
factual sources via official factchecking portals 
such as 
stopfake.kz
or 
coronafake.ru
are of immense 
importance for both public and government 
bodies to tackle problems of disinformation and 
lack of mutual trust.

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