Пәннің оқу-әдістемелік кешенін құрастырушы: Абадилдаева Ш. К
жүктеу/скачать 1,59 Mb.
|
umkd shbba aya-20-3-21-1u
- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- 7. Stress, rhythm, and intonation
- Microskills of Listening Comprehension
| 6. Rate of delivery
Virtually every language learner initially thinks that native speakers speak too fast! Actually, as Richards (1983) points out, the number and length of pauses used by a speaker is more crucial to comprehension than sheer speed. Learners will nevertheless eventually need to be able to comprehend language delivered at varying rates of speed and, at times, delivered with few pauses. Unlike reading, where a person can stop and go back to reread something, in listening the hearer may not always have the opportunity to stop the speaker. Instead, the stream of speech will continue to flow! 7. Stress, rhythm, and intonation The prosodic features of the English language are very important for comprehension. As a stress-timed language, English speech can be a terror for some learners as mouthfuls of syllables come spilling out between stress points. 8. Interaction Unless a language learner’s objective is exclusively to master some specialized skill like monitoring radio broadcasts or attending lectures, interaction will play a large role in listening comprehension. Conversation is especially subject to all the rules of interaction: negotiation, clarification, attending signals, turn taking, and topic nomination, maintenance, and termination. Microskills of Listening Comprehension Following is just a checklist, adapted from Richards and other sources: 1. Retain chunks of language of different lengths in short-term memory. 2. Discriminate among the distinctive sounds of English. 3. Recognize English stress patterns, words in stressed and unstressed positions, rhythmic structure, intonational contours, and their role in signaling information. 4. Recognize reduced forms of words. 5. Distinguish word boundaries, recognize a core of words, and interpret word order patterns and their significance. 6. Process speech at different rates of delivery. 7. Process speech containing pauses, errors, corrections, and other performance variables. 8. Recognize grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc.), systems (e.g., tense, agreement, pluralization), patterns, rules, and elliptical forms. 9. Detect sentence constituents and distinguish between major and minor constituents. 10. Recognize that a particular meaning may be expressed in different grammatical forms. 11. Recognize cohesive devices in spoken discourse. 12. Recognize the communicative functions of utterances, according to situations, participants, goals. 13. Infer situations, participants, goals using real world knowledge. 14. From events, ideas, etc., described, predict outcomes, infer links and connections between events, deduce causes and effects, and detect such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalization, and exemplification. 15. Distinguish between literal and implied meanings. 16. Use facial, kinesic, "body language," and other nonverbal clues to decipher meanings. 17. Develop and use a battery of listening strategies, such as detecting key words, guessing the meaning of words from context, appeal for help, and signaling comprehension or lack thereof. жүктеу/скачать 1,59 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|