b) inorganic, indirccl, insoluble, independent, incorrect, incapable,
indefinite, indifferent, inseparable, indivisibility
c) impossible, imperfect, improbable, improper, immaterial, imper
sonal, immeasurable, impractical
Ex. 3. Define the meanings оГ the word
because in the following sentences:
1. Mendeleyev’s mother could not placc Dmitry in the University of
Moscow
because he had been bom in Siberia. 2. The government retired
Mendeleyev from the University of St. Petersburg
because of his social
activity. 3. Mendeleyev could not present his paper on the periodic table at
the meeting of the Russian chcmical socicty himself
because he was ill.
4. Elements in the same group of the periodic table are sometimes callcd
congeners
because they possess similar properties. 5. Electrolysis of water
is not widely used to obtain ozone
because of its low cfiicicncy. 6.
Because
of the difference in the vapour pressure of ozone and oxygen it is possible to
separate them. 7. Lavoisier named the gas “hydrogen” (water-former)
because
of its ability to form water in combination with oxygen. 8. Selenium received
almost no attention in textbooks
because it was not commercially used.
Ex. 4. Find the predicate and the subject in the following sentences:
1.
The solid matter was believed to be really continuous matter. 2. It
was more logical to believe that all the varieties of matter arc brought
about by coupling together a relatively few kinds of particles. 3. This purely
philosophical guess turned to be confirmed later. 4. Atoms arc made of
fundamental particles, they arc callcd building blocks o f all matter.
5. Ancient Greeks were right in the ultimate sense o f the argument.
Text 14 A
The Idea of the Atom
Many times during the course o f history men believed that the solid
matter, of which the different things in the world are made, was really
continuous matter. They thought that if you could look at the surface of a
stone with magnificaton unlimited, you would always sec a continuous
surface, no matter how much you turned up the magnification. They believed
that you would not find individual particles like atoms and electrons. They
argued that if you had a magic knife by which you could cut the stone into
smaller and smaller pieces, you could continue cutting it up indefinitely
and could make the pieces as small as you like — a trillion, quadrillion,
quintillion times smaller or even infinitely small. But some twenty-five
hundred years ago, there lived in Greece a group of men with inquiring
minds, who perceived that this argument for
continuous matter was not
sound. Facing the fact that the world contains so
many different kinds of
matter— stones, metals, vegetables matter, animal matter, solids and liquids
of so many forms— they argued that it was more logical to believe that all
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these varieties of matter arc brought about by coupling together a relatively
few kinds of particles, which could not be cut up any further. Because the
indivisibility was taken to be the fundamental property of these particles,
they gave them the name
atom, or
a-tom which in Greek means
uncuttable.
It is astonishing that this purely philosophical guess turned to be confirmed
so completely two thousand five hundred years later. O f coursc, today all
atoms arc cuttablc into smaller particles, such as the electrons in the outer
shells and the fundamental particles in the inside o f the nucleus; but the
truly fundamental particles o f which atoms arc made, arc sure to be
uncuttable and they arc true building blocks o f all matter.
During the period o f fourteen years beginning with 1897, it was
discovered that atoms arc composed o f smaller particles. The discovery of
the components of atoms and the investigation of the structure of atoms is
likely to be one of the most interesting stories in the history of science.
Moreover, knowledge about the electronic structure o f atoms has made it
possible to systematize the facts of chemistry in a striking way, making
the subject easier to understand and to remember: it has been discovered
that the bonds that hold atoms together in molecules, consist of pairs of
electrons held jointly by two atoms. So those ancient Greeks were right in
the ultimate sense of the argument.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
argue, believe, bring about, confirm, continuous, coursc, of coursc,
fundamental, hold, individual, infinite, inside, jointly, kind, likely, mind,
moreover, out of, really, relatively, science, sense, shell, sound, sure, systematize,
turn, ultimate, vegetable
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
during the coursc of history, unlimited magnification, perceive, a sound
argument, bring about, a fundamental property, a purely philosophical
guess, confirm, in the outer shells, be composed of particles, be likely,
moreover, knowledge about the structure, in a striking way, make something
easier understand, hold together, jointly, in the sense
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
много раз, твердое вещество, из которых, посмотреть на поверх
ность, отдельные частицы, разрезать на более мелкие куски, столк
нуться с фактом, много различных видов, относительно немного,
полностью подтвердить, фундаментальные частицы, внутри ядра,
состоять из,
компоненты атомов, электронное строение атомов, сис
тематизировать факты, связь, удерживать вместе
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
1. Long ago there lived... Greece a group... m en... inquiring minds.
2. They named ... the particle “atom” because ... its indivisibility.
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3. Atom means “indivisible” ... Greek. 4. Of course, today atoms arc known
to consist... still smaller particles. 5. The discovery ... the components
... atoms is o n e ... the most interesting stories ... the history... science.
6. Knowledge ... the structure ... atoms made it possible to systematize
the facts ... chcmistry ... a striking way. 7. Atoms are held together...
molecules ... bonds.
Ex. 8. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to different
functions of if.
1.
It was believed that all the varieties of matter were brought about by a
relatively few kinds of particles. 2.
It is astonishing that a purely philosophical
guess about the structure of an atom was so completely confirmed. 3. An
atom is no longer thought to be a fundamental particle,
it consists of still
smaller particles. 4. Knowledge about the electronic structure of atoms made
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