Сборник задач по подготовке учащихся к международным исследованиям timss и pisa

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2 Collection of problems in preparation for the international research 
PISA 
 
2.1 Instructions for the implementation of tasks 
 
The priorities of evaluation of functional literacy PISA project students are three 
areas - reading competence, mathematical and scientific literacy. In the PISA study 
evaluated the ability of students, such as thinking, reasoning, problem solving and 
posing, modeling, the use of different methods of presentation of the results. Thus, 
training participants of the international competency exam determined by three 
educational and informative activities - playing, application and reasoning. 
Each group of tasks PISA examines the personal, social or global context and 
expects different levels of diagnostic sciences and mathematical literacy of students. 
When performing tasks as a guideline the following instrutsiey. 
1. Read the case studies and extract key information. 
2. Pay attention to the drawings, diagrams, graphs and tables to the tasks of 
facilitating the understanding of the physical process 
3. Think about what suggestions to simplify facilitate solution of the problem. 
For example, when calculating the dynamics of power in them is usually considered 
permanent. 
4. Try to make a schematic drawing or a picture, it is always easier reasoning. 
Remember that good charting - half the success in solving the problem. 
5. In most cases, it is advisable to solve the problem in a general way, all values 
denoting the corresponding letters and making with them the necessary calculations. 
6. After receiving the decision in general, try to verify its reasonableness, by 
analyzing dimensions and comparing it with the already solved a similar problem. 
In the international PISA study all questions and learning activities for scientific 
literacy are divided into three general groups: "How do you know?" - This is the job 
to use methods of cognition. "Try to explain" - the task to explain phenomena and 
facts. "Draw conclusions" - the task to identify the skills to draw conclusions from 
the data. 
Consider the performance of tasks for scientific literacy. 
Task 1. It has long been observed that the peeled apples, potatoes, mushrooms and 
some other fruits and vegetables to darken the air. 
Question 1. Do you know why this is happening? 
Answer. The composition of fruits, vegetables and fungi include various organic 
substances cyclic structure, which in the presence of biological catalysts, enzymes are 
oxidized in air to form a colored compound in dark colors. 
Question 2: How can we prevent this process? 
Answer. Oxidation processes are slowed down in the presence of organic acids, 
such as citric acid. Therefore, to keep fresh cut apple, you need to cut moisten with 
lemon juice or citric acid. The peeled potatoes, you can add finely chopped onions. 
Task 2. In Kazakhstan, there are areas suitable for the development of 
alternative energy industries? What are these areas and give possible justification. 

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Question 1. What applies to alternative energy industry? 
Question 2: What are these areas? 
Question 3. Why is it important to develop these industries? 
Question 4: What are the requirements for service to the development and 
maintenance of these industries? 
Answer. Wind power, energy use the earth's interior, the use of solar energy; 
Kazakhstan is the center, east, south, west, wind energy, south, center and west are 
preferred for solar energy; they prevent contamination of land, air basin, water, 
waste-free, they are convenient to operate, require less labor force at a higher quality 
requirements, special education, in the field of ecology knowledge, general 
knowledge; allow the use of inexhaustible types of natural resources, which is rich in 
Kazakhstan due to its geographical location and the size of the territory. 
Task 3. Consider the picture of artist V. Vasnetsov "Magic Carpet" (Figure 1) 
and approximately determine the direction in which the light is directed fabulous 
flying machine. 
A. To the north. 
B. In the north - east. 
C. In the south - east. 
D. South. 
Figure 1 
 
Answer. Around the north-east. Identify it helps moon. Pay attention to the aging 
"Moon on the left side of the picture. This can be seen with just the morning hours 
just before sunrise. Now she is about to the east, at the right hand of the hero (the 
picture shows the summer and the summer moon in this phase goes back a bit to the 
north east point). Consequently, a magic carpet flying in the north-east. 
In international studies PISA mathematics tasks are distributed over six levels: 
1) job, where all relevant information is given, and the question is clearly 
worded. Students can identify information and to carry out conventional methods, 
according to certain situations; 
2) tasks for which students can apply basic algorithms, formulas, methods and 
techniques; 
3) tasks that require sequential execution; 
4) jobs that are specific models for specific situations; 
5) tasks for which you need to define, compare, evaluate, create a specific 
strategy to address the problems; 
6) specify that address previously existing situation; develop new methods. 

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In the quest for mathematical literacy are considered assignments to one story, 
but the student is offered a few questions of different levels of complexity, from 
simple to calculate, to the questions of the 5th and 6th levels of difficulty, under 
which it is necessary to use the knowledge of several branches of mathematics, or 
subjects of natural science cycle and requires creativity and logical reasoning. When 
the international studies PISA tasks are considered and structured questions, i.e. 
questions the content is selected in such a way that in the course of their consistent 
implementation next question has to do with the answers to the previous questions, as 
well as important is the ability of students to analyze the information provided in the 
form of tables, charts, graphs. 
Consider the performance of tasks in mathematical literacy. 

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