Keywords: administrative reform, decentralization, levels of government, optimization of public functions, democracy,
deconcentration
УДК 35.07 (574)
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EXECUTIVE CIVIL SERVICE IN KAZAKHSTAN
D.Janenova – MSc in Governance and Development Management (UK), Politics (KZ)
The paper examines the establishment of the executive civil service in Kazakhstan in the context of reform (2013) and
focuses on reduction in a number of political civil servants.
Based on the author’s reform experience, the paper discusses the factors facilitating civil service reform implementation
and benefits obtained.
Key words: civil service, reform, executive civil service
Civil service reform receives much attention as skilled, motivated and efficient civil service is critical for good
governance, while achieving economic and social objectives greatly depends on government capacity. Improving
a civil service system, as a part of creating “good governance”, has become a significant tendency in a reform
agenda of many countries. Civil service reform is “in fashion and no self-respecting government can afford to
ignore it”
1
.
Many attempts at reforming civil service focus on “the creation of a government workforce of the size and
with the skills, incentives, ethos and accountability needed to provide quality public services and carry out the
functions assigned to the state”
2
. Improvements in human resource management are considered to hold promise
for making change for entire civil service.
This paper examines the establishment of the executive corps “A” as the principal change in human resource
management within the context of civil service reform in Kazakhstan. This reform innovation is so vast and
implications are too diverse to be discussed in a few pages, so the author concentrates on the key aspect that is a
reduction in a number of political civil servants caused by the establishment of the executive corps “A”. This
change is crucial for civil service reform in Kazakhstan and has a direct impact on improvements in the
organization and administration of civil servants.
Relying on the author’s experience in implementation this reform innovation, the paper discusses the benefits
of the establishment of the executive corps “A” in Kazakhstan, considers what lessons can be learned by other
countries for their civil service reforms.
The paper is organized of four sections and an appendix. Section 1 provides an overview of Kazakhstan
context for civil service reform. Section 2 examines a reform implementation process from proclamation to actual
realization. Section 3 discusses benefits from the establishment of the executive corps “A”. Then conclusions are
provided.
SECTION 1: KAZAKHSTAN CONTEXT
Since gaining Independence in 1991, Kazakhstan, being a so-called transitional country, has implemented
considerable political, socio-economic and administrative transformations. The administrative reforms have
experienced structural changes caused by transition from the planned to the market-based economy. The
economic system based on free markets cannot function without a stable and efficient public administration
3
;
therefore civil service reform has become part and parcel of this transition.
The civil service in Kazakhstan exists in a relatively stable political environment and is regulated by the Civil
Service Law, adopted in the late 1990s, and other civil service related legislation.
Before the establishment of the executive corps “A” civil servants were categorized into two types. The first
type was political civil servants. The number of the so called “political” civil servants was more than three
thousand out of ninety seven thousand civil servants and, in practice, it was too huge. There were not any
qualification requirements and/or formalized selection procedures for appointments on these “political” positions.
Consequently, appointments were – not always, but often – based on patronage and nepotism, especially on the
local level.
1
Pollitt and Bouckaert (2000)
2
Schiavo-Campo (1996)
3
Keuleers (2004)
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The second type was administrative civil servants, who constituted the greater part of the government
workforce. They usually entered the service through competition based selection procedures. Administrative civil
service positions were graded into categories which defined their professional status, hierarchical rank and salary.
Being a civil servant is considered to be prestigious and desirable; it is associated with authoritative power,
relative job security and material benefits. However, public opinion of the civil service was low and officials were
held in contempt because of non transparent appointment procedures, especially on senior positions and civil
servants’ insensitive attitudes towards the public’s needs.
Therefore, the reform aim has become to create a skillful, effective and result oriented, up-to-date civil service
which is optimal for the market-based economy and more flexible and responsive to the public demands. Reform
attempts have been formulated as formation of a professional and optimal in its quantity civil service, transition
from administration to management in the civil service, elimination of corruption and patronage, improvement in
public service delivery with respect to the society’s demands, and, in general, creation of an efficient government
workforce to promote Kazakhstan’s becoming one of the 30 most competitive countries in the world.
Kazakhstan requires a motivated and efficient civil service which provides better services to the private
businesses and the public. This explains why civil service reform remains a core concern in the country. One key
reform element is the establishment of the executive civil service.
So in June 2008 the President has proclaimed the necessity of the civil service reform and establishing senior
civil service in Kazakhstan, the so-called executive corps “A”. The reasons such as ensuring professional and
efficient civil service based on meritocracy and eliminating patronage and nepotism, as well as renewal of the
government workforce and bringing a new well educated and motivated talent, have been formulated.
The first reason is ensuring professional, competitive and stable executives for entire civil service. Here
establishment of selection and promotion for executive civil service positions is considered as a means for
eliminating patronage and nepotism and practicing meritocracy in decision making on civil service appointments.
So the reform efforts refer to strengthening of the government administrative capacity to perform core functions,
be worldwide competitive, as well as to serve the public social and economic needs.
The second reason is renewal of the government workforce especially those holding the executive positions
within the civil service system and bringing a new well educated and motivated talent in order to provide its
sustained and innovative development in the future. So the reform intends to create the government workforce
obtaining the skills, incentives, ethos and accountability to carry out the state functions.
Thus, the rationale for the establishment of the executive corps “A” in Kazakhstan has been to ensure
professional, motivated civil servants selected and promoted on a merit principle and, thus, capable to provide
good governance.
Besides, this reform innovation has been recognized as a means to attract highly professional personnel from
the market environment and non-governmental sector to the executive levels of the civil service and to increase
government’s workforce capacity in general.
Based on these specific emphasis areas for reforms, The New Civil Service Model Concept was finally
approved in July 2011. In March 2013 due to adoption of the principal amendments to the Civil Service Law and
civil service related legislation the executive corps “A” was initially established in Kazakhstan.
SECTION2:
IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS FROM PROCLAIMATION TO ACTUAL REALIZATION
To decide on the reform approaches and implementation mechanisms civil service reformers in Kazakhstan
has conducted careful and intensive study of the other nations’ experiences.
A significant tendency across many national governments has been the establishment of a senior civil service,
resulting in the strengthening of those governments’ administrative capacity to perform core functions and to
serve their publics’ social and economic needs. The experiences of the USA, European countries and Singapore
have received much attention. For these countries a senior civil service is usually considered a means to ensure a
government’s workforce is properly led and managed. These senior leaders are offered the developmental
opportunities and incentives to perform successfully. The elite nature of such a service creates a professional
ethos, ensuring that its members support public-service values, maintain ethical standards and remain accountable
for carrying out the state functions.
Taking into account the international experience, the idea of the establishment of the executive corps “A” has
been supported as the President’s strategic priority. In general, the aim to ensure the professionalism within the
central and local government and to provide citizens with high quality of public services has been agreed. There
has been sufficient political will to implement change and establish the corps “A”. There was also institutional
will supporting the changes (Civil Service Agency). However, it took almost five years for the civil service
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change to be implemented (from the moment of the President’s proclamation in 2008 to adoption of Civil Service
Law amendments in 2013).
This long period for actual reform implementation has proved that civil service reform is highly complicated
as reform is bound to various stakeholders’ interests, ideologies and values. Expressing a desire for and a will to
reform the civil service is only a start. There should be strong political will, leadership, strong commitment and
administrative ability to support civil service reforms and implement them. It is also critical to provide wider
public agreement for governance vision, citizen participation and involvement.
Kazakhstan inherited the civil service system from the Soviet past. Many civil servants have worked within a
soviet administration tradition and often find it hard to envisage doing things differently. It was like an inflexible
state bureaucratic machine. But reform always means change and change does not always produce a win-win
outcome. Sometimes there are winners and losers. Even the perception of a “loss” can inspire resistance,
consequently, some civil servants showed loyalty to the lucrative ways of the past.
In Kazakhstan’s reform case establishment of the executive corps “A” has meant “re-evaluating” of political
positions as administrative executive and determination of the qualification requirements and formalized selection
procedures. Consequently, it meant the “loss” of a status and related benefits to be a “politician” and reduction of
opportunities for patronage and nepotism based appointments and broader corruption. Politicians and senior civil
servants, fearing a “loss” or just uncertain of what the future might bring, reacted by resisting proposed changes.
They serving simultaneously as policy agents influenced decision making during the legislative process and
expressed reluctance to accept new challenges and innovations.
Despite the resistance, the new, abovementioned, legislation on the executive corps “A” has been adopted. It
has ensured that appointment to the executive corps "A" positions are made exclusively from the cadre pool
formed by the decision of the National Commission on Personnel Policy under the President of Kazakhstan
(NCPP) out of both the current civil servants and the broader public and private sectors people meeting the special
qualification requirements.
The specific staffing procedures are launched and include:
1)
Open announcement for cadre pool selection, receiving applications and applications review and deciding
on meeting the special qualification requirements, currently paper based (level of education, work experience on
the certain position in years, relevance of recommendations, etc.);
2)
Testing (measuring working knowledge of the certain legislation, logical thinking, abovementioned
competencies and the command of the Kazakh language);
3)
Interviews with the NCPP (on the local level interviews in regional commissions antecede interviews with
the NCPP) and deciding on each applicant to recommend him or her to be included into the executive corps “A”
cadre pool or not to recommend;
4)
Selection by the appointing authority among those already included in the executive corps “A” cadre pool
and competition based appointment to a certain vacant position in a government agency on the central level or in
local government bodies.
Besides, special retention and termination procedures for the executive corps “A” are also conducted upon the
NCPP decisions.
Thus, the establishment of the executive corps “A” in the civil service reform context in Kazakhstan can
provide a good example to review how it was done and offers lessons to others who might be willing to reform
their systems. The following factors can be considered vital to the success of reform efforts, including the
adoption of the executive corps “A” related legislation.
First and foremost is the strong political will of the Chief Executive to reform government. The Kazakhstan
President made it a top priority to ensure professionalism within the central and local levels of government in
order to provide citizens with high quality public services.
A second necessary factor is the strength and commitment of an individual reform leaders’ to ensure the
fulfillment of reform ambitions as well as to solve conflict and ensure continued support for change. In the case of
the Kazakhstan reforms the current Civil Service Agency Chairman provided this leadership.
A third vital factor is the creation of the new organizations and structures to support the reform (the Expert
Council on the Civil Service Reform, Administrative Reform Commission). Reforms have to be institutionalized
if they are to achieve the long term results sought.
The Council members (prominent civil servants, parliamentarians, public management researchers and media
people) have discussed draft amendments to the civil service legislation, made the recommendations and
refinements and have thus helped the reform managers bring grassroots’ involvement, more expertise and
legitimacy to the change process.
A fourth and critical factor for successful reform is public support. The citizenry, as well as civil servants
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themselves, need to grasp the importance of the reforms and the ways in which they will benefit. Significant
advocacy work has assisted to make favourable public opinion on the reform. Public support, as the Kazakhstan
experience shows, contributes a great deal to the legitimacy of reform efforts. The capacity of mass media to
support reforms and help influence public opinion should be also leveraged.
These factors combined can be considered as ensuring the civil service reform implementation.
SECTION 3: BENEFITS OF ESTABLIHING THE EXECUTIVE CORPS “A”
The executive corps “A” in Kazakhstan was only established in 2013 so it may be too soon to evaluate
conclusively how these senior executives are changing governance. Even though there are, however, certain
achievements that have contributed to improved governance.
The first result, that is probably the most significant to be achieved thus far, is a decrease in the number of
political appointees by 8 times. Due to the reforms described herein, many “political positions,” for which there
were no specific qualification requirements and selection procedures, have been reevaluated and converted into
“executive-administrative” positions, suitable for corps “A” personnel.
Out of total 97,000 civil servant positions in Kazakhstan, 550 have been converted into the executive corps
“A”. More significantly, the establishment of the executive corps “A” has reduced the number of politicians from
3,270 (3.6 % of the total number of civil servants) to about 550 (0.6%). This measure has been considered as a
clear sign of the nation’s efforts to move towards a more professional civil.
The reclassification of these positions as “administrative executive” has ensured qualification requirements are
met and appointees have participated in a merit-based, formalized selection process. Persons claiming readiness
for top-level management positions require appropriate qualifications; qualifications vital to their success in
making management decisions and ensuring that strategic and operational tasks are aligned.
Open, competitive selection for the cadre pool, as well as for the positions within the executive corps "A"
itself, has expanded personnel capacity within the government. Through this mechanism, the government has
been able to find new talent both within and outside of the government. Many of the “insiders” that have been
elevated were formerly managers who under the patronage system could not attract the attention of ministers or
local governors.
Equally as important, moving selection, retention and termination decisions to the NCPP has created new legal
protections for career civil servants. In the past, these public servants were vulnerable to the vagaries of preference
when there were changes in the political leadership. This often resulted in arbitrary dismissal, demotions or
transfers.
These corps “A” innovations have significantly reduced the role of patronage and nepotism in the Kazakhstan
government. Further, they have promoted a desired meritocracy and increased the efficiency and professional
leadership capacity of the government workforce.
Another positive result of these innovations has been a renewal of the government executive workforce. Due
to the reform both those civil servants who were current holding senior leadership positions and “newcomers” had
to pass through the newly determined selection to enter the executive corps “A.” The result was a “validation” of
the qualifications and capabilities of all those serving in these senior positions, be they former “insiders” or
“outsiders” new to government. The number of “outsiders” has meant a dramatic increase in new viewpoints and
experiences from which to draw in solving governmental challenges.
There have been 2,024 applicants for the first selection process for the executive corps “A” positions. 30% of
these applications have been submitted by people outside of the civil service system. This level of interest is a sign
of citizens’ trust in the transparency and veracity of the selection system, as well as respect for these senior civil
service positions. Of all applicants, 1787 (or 88%) have met the qualification requirements and been allowed to
pass testing, out of them 1124 (or 56%) have passed the testing successfully. Of these, 390 (or 35%) were civil
servants who were holding executive corps “A” positions, 528 (or 47%) were administrative civil servants in
lower-level positions, and 206 (or 18%) were private-sector applicants.
At the same time, the selection process has eliminated many senior leaders who lacked the qualifications
envisioned for the roles in which they were serving. Since initiating testing, 155 (or 30%) of the officials who held
executive corps “A” equivalent positions failed to retain their positions. 65% of the applicants who have passed
the tests were “new comers”. Before implementing the system, experts estimated that only a third of the former
senior executives would be confirmed in their positions. This prediction proved to be accurate. 501 officials have
been appointed out of the executive corps “A” cadre pool newly formed by the NCPP. Among them 155 (or 30%)
are “newcomers”.
As a result (the chart is given in the appendix) one can see that the executive corps “A” is younger but still
mature enough to have requisite levels of personal and professional experience, technical expertise and leadership
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skills. Moreover, the number of the officials who are 60 years old or older and retirement-eligible (obviously these
executives have been working since the time of the Soviet system) has decreased dramatically. Newcomers to
executive corps “A” are considered to bring a new managerial culture to civil service, enriching it with their
talents and strengthening commitment to improved performance within the civil service.
Another positive result has been increased public interest in and respect for public service. The establishment
of the executive corps “A” has been discussed broadly by the society via mass media and social networks.
Further, the reaction from the general public opinion has been overwhelmingly favorable. The following reactions
have been shared widely in mass media and in citizenry addressing:
1)
The public trusts the initially formalized selection procedures for the executive civil service positions, and
appreciates the transparency and the merit-based objectives of the system.
2)
Citizens’ understand that government efficiency will be enhanced through the merit-based selection process
and the resulting “newcomers” entering government service;
3)
There was general support for establishing the executive corps “A” and the citizenry remains positive in
regards to both the intent and potential outcomes of the new system.
All these benefits can be determining factors for other countries considering a senior civil service in their
governmental structures. They can learn from Kazakhstan’s experience.
CONCLUSIONS
The establishment of the executive corps “A” was initiated by the President as a proclamation of his political
will. He saw it as a means for reforming the civil service, increasing the government workforce’s efficiency, and
supporting his anti-corruption agenda.
The reform has been implemented.
The establishment of the executive corps “A” in the civil service reform context in Kazakhstan can provide a
good example of civil service reform implementation. Such factors as strong political will, strength and
commitment of reform leaders, new organizations and structures to support reform, public support have been vital
to the success of reform efforts in Kazakhstan, including the adoption of the executive corps “A” related
legislation.
Although it is too early in the life of these reforms to adequately examine their results, there are certain
favorable outcomes that have already contributed to enhanced governance efficiency.
These include:
•
A decrease in the number of political appointees, reducing patronage and nepotism while simultaneously
promoting the desired meritocracy,
•
Increased efficiency and professional leadership capacity within the civil service; A renewal of the executive
civil service workforce and support for the so-called “social lift” mechanism; and
•
A renewal in civil service, to include new values and a new culture, resulting from the executive
“newcomers” who are younger, possess leadership and professionals skills and free of the Soviet-era
governmental paradigms.
The current goal for the initially appointed executive corps “A” officials is to validate the system of which they
are part.
They can do this only through outstanding service to their government and their citizens. As of this writing,
they are well on their way to proving the worth of this new approach.
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