Consult the READER and complete the information about Modern movement

Consult the READER and complete the information about Modern movement.

Read the text and give a brief summary of it:

Text 2 C The Bauhaus
In 1919, the Bauhaus school of design was set up in Weimar, Germany under the direction of Walter Gropius, whose aim was to unite art with technology by educating the new generation of designers and architects to combine creative design with modern industry. It later moved to Dessau, then to Berlin where it was closed by the Nazis in 1933. The name Bauhaus is derived in German from the words ‘building’ and ‘house’. Gropius was a member of the German Werkbund and leader of the ‘New Objectivity’ movement. An architect, he believed that the ‘ultimate aim of all creative activity is the building’.
Hermann Muthesius who travelled to England to study the English Arts and Crafts movement, particularly its influence on architecture, formed the Werkbund in 1907. Impressed by its simplicity and functionalism, and its emphasis on the handcraft ethic, Muthesius was determined to encourage these qualities in German design.
On his return from England, he was appointed to supervise the schools of art and design in Germany. Seeing the potential of mass-production, he wanted German designers to work with the new industries to establish a reputation for high quality manufactured German goods, and believed that this lay in fundamental product design rather than decoration. Mechanised production was incompatible with ornament, and to facilitate the integration of designers with industry, he brought artists and manufacturers together in the organisation he called the Werkbund.
Designers needed to produce smooth forms reduced to their essential function, and to this end, he advocated the hands-on approach to design teaching. He encouraged new training workshops, which would teach the students to actually make things as well as design them.
Muthesius was also an advocate for the establishment of homogeneity, universal standards in building, particularly the standardization of building components, their mass production. This coincided with an architectural, and art movement at that time after the Great War called New Objectivity. This movement rejected, among other things, the exclusivity of the arts — especially ‘Expressionism’ which stressed personal self-expression to the exclusion of universality; and called for the consolidation of all artists, to bring the arts down to earth and make them more real to ordinary people rather than just
art-lovers. In architecture, this meant simple and functional buildings replacing the elaborate, heavily decorated styles of the century just passed.
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