Актуальные вопросы социологии
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| Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ-нің ХАБАРШЫСЫ, «Əлеуметтік жəне саяси ғылымдар» сериясы, №3 (75) 2021 ж.
8 concepts, which makes it possible to localize this process in a socially desirable way, avoiding both excessive optimism and extreme pessimism. Characteristics of the sociocultural approach that appeals to the synthesis of the social and the cultural, which is based on the complementarity methodology borrowed from theoretical physics (N. Bohr, V. Heisenberg). What is the main idea of the methodological effect and the principle of complementarity, which goes beyond the scope of natural science and has general scientific significance? N. Bohr's principle of complementarity says: in order to correctly illuminate any object of reality, it is necessary to describe it from the point of view of two opposite systems of description. N. Bohr proposed an approach, the main idea of which is to solve problems of quantum mechanics, continuity and discreteness as equal adequate pictures. N. Bohr initially assumed that the principle of complementarity would become more likely a possible predetermination of future scientific programs than a complete concept. “In the general philosophical aspect, it is important,” notes N. Bohr, “that in other areas of knowledge we encounter a situation resembling the situation in quantum physics ... The integrity of living organisms and characteristics of people having consciousness, as well as human cultures, represent features of integrity, a display that requires a typically additional way of describing ... These are not vague analogies, but distinct examples of logical connections that are found in different areas of knowledge” [4]. The methodology of complementarity was understood by Yu. Lotman as an epistemological assimilation of philosophy and the humanities of the twentieth century and integrated into the paradigms of "philosophy of the text" and "philosophy of dialogue", which received general scientific and sociocultural significance [5]. It can be concluded that the main idea of the sociocultural approach lies in the fact that it unites three dimensions of human existence (a person in his relationship with society, the nature of culture, the type of sociality), thus, it can be distinguished, such as fundamental; each of which is not expressed with others and is not derived from them, but at the same time they are all interdependent and influence each other as the most important components of human communities. The multidimensionality of man and history, expressed here in the methodological integration of three specific forms (methods, measurements) of human existence. The first driving element of the sociocultural system is a person - homo activus. It is a multidimensional biosocial-cultural being that expresses itself in social action. Since these actions, according to M. Weber, are important for other people, then at the same time they are the essence of interaction and represent, according to P. Sorokin, the cell of all socio-cultural phenomena. The subjects of actions of interactions are both individuals and social communities (groups, organizations, etc.). It is necessary to realize that society as a kind of integrity is strengthened in the conditions of its transformation. According to N. Lapin, a more perfect and adequate tool in the interpretation of society as a unity of culture and sociality is the sociocultural approach, because it specifies the mechanism for combining the changeable and the stable. The sociocultural approach is not opposed to other approaches (for example, structural or system-functional), but complements them, is more general and interesting for the systemic methodology and can be considered as the level of specificity of the principle of universal evolutionism [5]. In this regard, it is also necessary to emphasize that the sociocultural approach does not deny economic, political and other social factors, but focuses on the analysis of culture, understood as a program of the subject's activity. The sociocultural approach combines civilizational and formational approaches into a single whole. If the civilizational approach, as the most important, includes reliable components of human history (anthropological, ethnic, cultural), and the formational approach pays attention to more changeable (social, personal) structures, then the sociocultural approach expresses a combination of stable and change (personality and society , culture and sociality). At the same time, the sociocultural approach is fully compatible with the structural-functional approach. Let us illustrate this by the example of the concept of T. Parsons, according to whom, the basis of the functional approach consists of four basic functional needs of an action and corresponding subsystems of an aggregate social action system: |