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obligation. Recently the customary law was codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. 
Conventional international law derives from international agreements and may take any form that the 
contracting parties agree upon. Agreements may be made in respect to any matter except to the extent 
that the agreement conflicts with the rules of international law incorporating basic standards of 
international conduct or the obligations of a member state under the Charter of the United Nations. 
International agreements create law for the parties to the agreement. They may also lead to the creation 
of customary international law when they are intended for adherence generally and are in fact widely 
accepted. Customary law and law made by international agreement have equal authority as 
international law. Parties may assign higher priority to one of the sources by agreement. However, 
some rules of international law are recognized by international community as peremptory, permitting 
no derogation. Such rules can be changed or modified only by a subsequent peremptory norm of 
international law. 
General principles common to systems of national law is a secondary source of international law. 
There are situations where neither conventional nor customary international law can be applicable. In 
this case a general principle may be invoked as a rule of international law because it is a general 
principle common to the major legal systems of the world and not inappropriate for international 
claims. 
International law establishes the framework and the criteria for identifying states as the principal 
actors in the international legal system. As the existence of a state presupposes control and jurisdiction 
over territory, international law deals with the acquisition of territory, state immunity and the legal 
responsibility of states in their conduct with each other. The law is similarly concerned with the 
treatment of individuals within state boundaries. There is thus a comprehensive regime dealing with 
group rights, the treatment of aliens, the rights of refugees, international crimes, nationality problems 
and human rights generally. It further includes the important functions of the maintenance of 
international peace and security, arms control, the peaceful settlement of disputes and the regulation of 
the use of force in international relations. Even when the law is not able to stop the outbreak of war, it 
has developed principles to govern the conduct of hostilities and the treatment of prisoners. 
International law is also used to govern issues relating to the global environment, the global commons 
such as international waters and outer space, global communications and world trade.  
Whilst municipal law is hierarchical or vertical, with the legislature enacting binding legislation, 
international law is horizontal, with all states being sovereign and theoretically equal. Because of this, 
the value and authority of international law is dependent upon the voluntary participation of states in 
its formulation, observance, and enforcement. Although there may be exceptions, most states enter into 
legal commitments to other states out of enlightened self-interest rather than adherence to a body of 
law that is higher than their own. 

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