Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы ЕҰУ Хабаршысы
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Malaysian ethnic groups, and conclude that Arabs tend to shift formal letters to informal which is certainly
a part of their culture.
Analysis of spoken business discourse. There are several differences between written and spoken
discourses which make us presume that there must be different approaches to analyzing them. The first
peculiarity of spoken speech is its interactivity. While we do often expect and receive feedback for our
writing, especially when it comes to new media genres like blogs, this feedback is usually delayed. When
we speak we usually do so in ‘real time’ without people, and we receive their responses to what we have
said right away. As we carry on conversations, we decide what to say based on what the previous speaker
has said as well as what we expect the subsequent speaker to say after we have finished speaking. We can
even alter what we are saying as we go along based on how other people seem to be reacting to it. Similarly,
listeners can let us know immediately whether they object to or do not understand what we are saying. In
other words, conversations are always co constructed between or among the different parties having them.
Besides, speech is more spontaneous than writing. When we write, we often plan what we are going
to write carefully, and we often read over, revise and edit what we have written before showing it to other
people. Because writing has certain ‘permanence’, people can also read what we have written more care-
fully. They can read it quickly or slowly, and they can reread it. They can also show it to other people and
get their opinions about it. Speech, on the other hand, is usually not as well planned as writing. While some
genres like formal speeches and lectures are planned, most casual conversation is just made up as we go
along. It is also transient; that is to say, our words usually disappear at the moment we utter them.
The core problem of spoken speech is that people do not usually say what they mean, and they do not
always mean what they say. Here the following approaches can be useful in discourse analysis: pragmatics
and conversation analysis.
Pragmatics is the study of how people use words to accomplish actions in their conversations: actions
like requesting, threatening and apologizing. It aims to help us understand how people figure out what ac-
tions other people are trying to take with their words and respond appropriately. It has its roots primarily in
the work of three philosophers of language: John Austin, John Searle, and Herbert Paul Grice.
Conversation analysis, on the other hand, comes out of a tradition in sociology called ethnomethod-
ology, which focuses on the ‘methods’ ordinary members of a society use to interact with one another and
interpret their experience. It was developed by three sociologist Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff and
Gail Jefferson, and studies the procedural rules that people use to cooperatively manage conversations and
make sense of what is going on.
If we take a simple situation in the office between a boss and an employee:
A: I trust you to finish the task till tomorrow.
B: Thank you.
The reason this exchange seems odd to us, and undoubtedly seem so to A as well, is that the preferred
response to an expression of order is a reciprocal expression of agreement or disagreement, or promise.
When this response is not given, it creates implication. Thus, the most important thing about B’s response
is not the meaning that he expresses gratitude, but the meaning that is absent from the utterance.
Any conversation can be divided into adjacency pairs. One variant is the preferred answer, and the
second one is with the factual response.
Nor F.N. dealing with analysis of workplace meetings emphasizes the role of politeness and cultural
peculiarities [9]. She defines speech acts and consider politeness theory used in the observed company’s
meeting. That is a good way to investigate the ways participants use in order to achieve their goals.
Both pragmatics and conversation analysis focus on the problem of ambiguity in spoken discourse.
These verbal strategies are not the only ways, or even the most common ways, people signal what they
are doing when they talk. Non-verbal signals delivered through things like gestures, facial expressions,
gaze, our use of space, and paralinguistic signals delivered through alterations in the pitch, speed, rhythm
or intonation of our voices are also important in interpreting conversations. For this reason, people who
study frames and contextualization cues in CA often pay a lot of attention to marking things like stress,
intonation and pausing and even facial expressions, gestures and other movements when they produce
transcripts of the conversations they are studying. In the case of business discourse it is also of great signif-
icance, especially concerning intercultural misunderstandings and misinterpretations of non-verbal signals
which can be emphasized as a matter of high interest in modern business discourse analysis.
To sum it all up, as we see, discourse analysis is sometimes justly defined as the analysis of language
‘beyond the sentence’. This contrasts with types of analysis more typical of modern linguistics, which
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