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Sentence stress and rhythm
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Stresses in English 1
| Sentence stress and rhythm
Since in collquial English many functional words are unstressed, the time determined for thier pronunciation between two stressed syllables can be quite small (which is dictated by the rhythm of speech). Therefore, there is a certain phonetic technique that allways you to maintain this purely English rhythm of speech. It's called merged reading. This technique consists in the continuous (without pause) pronunciation of unstressed syllables, followed, as a rule, by a stressed syllable within the same rhythmic (semantic) group. Thus, a pause (and breath) in English colloquial speech is made only between rhythmic groups, and within them all syllables are pronounced "in one breath". The following combinations of words, included in the general semantic groups, are read together: •article (possessive or demonstrative) + noun: a book, the book,my book. 2.article (or pronoun)+ noun with definition: this pink dress. •the particle to together with the infinitive: to go. •conjunctions and prepositions with surrounding parts of speech: you and I, black and white. •auxiliary and model verbs. •pronoun (noun) + verb: Nick would have written. 7.predicate + circumstance or addition: go to school. 8.introductory there+ verb from to be: there is, there are. 9.compound adverbs:so much. •the final "silent" r (or combination re) is read together with a vowel if the next word begins with it. In English, not only the indicated groups of words are read together, but also whole sentence that make up one semantic group and therefore do not contain pauses.However, the implementation of the rules of continuous reading should not lead to a distortion of the meaning of the spoken phrase. To keep the speech rhythm,all unstressed vowels in the sentence become shorter.Completely unstressed vowels become very short in unstressed syllables and are often pronounced as a neutral sound. In some cases, a neutral sound may drop out, for example, can [kәn],[kn]. By the way, the neutral sound [ә] is the most common vowel in English, and it deserves your special attention. The last consonant of one word usually connects with the first sound of the next word: for example, "n -th"may lose some of their articulation at the junction, and "d-t" usually merge into one sound (or "d" may drop out). The sound [h] in the unstressed words his,him,her may disappear to ensure a smooth connection of adjacent words. One can easily establish the essence of reduction: under certain circumstances, sound disappear: the same can be expressed in scientific language:in certain circumstances, the phoneme can become null or disappear altogether. Like assimilation, reduction is also inherent in fast, collquial speech.We will look at the most common examples. ) Loss of weak vowel after p,t,k.In words like 'potato', ' tomato', ' canary ', 'perhaps', 'today':ph'tertau; th'ma:tau; kh'near; ph'haeps;th'dei. 2) Weak vowel+ n,l become a syllabic consonant. ) Loss of final v in "of" before consonants.For example: 'lots of them' IPts ә Dam;'waste of money' welst q mani. 4) 'Had', 'would': spelled'd, pronounced qd (after vowels), and ( after consonants). 5) 'Not': spelled n't pronounced nt ( after vowels), nt ( after consonants). 6) 'Are': spelled're, pronounced q after vowels: ' you're ' jVq, 'we'wj 'we're' wlq, 'they' Del-they're' Deq. Many phonetists claim that English speech is rhythmic, and that rhythm can be found in the regular repetition of stressed syllables.The rhythm of English speech is characterized by a tendency to alternate stressed syllables are numbered: 1 and 2 are not separated by any unstressed syllables,2 and 3 are separated by one unstressed syllables,3 and 4 by two, and 4 and 5 by three. 2 3 4 5 'Walk' down the path to the ' end of the ca'nal. The theory of uniform succession of stressed syllables establishes the fact that the intervals between two stressed syllables must be the same, regardless of the number of intermediate unstressed syllables. English is a rhythmically stressed language,that is, stressed syllables are separated from each other in speech by equal intervals of time,and unstressed syllables are reduced do that this rhythm is observed. Rhythm is a stressed-unstressed-stressed-unstressed pattern, where "stressed" is one stressed syllable, and "unstressed" may include several unstressed syllables, which are usually shortened and pronounced together between stressed syllables. The phonetic rules of reduction and conjunction are applied to shorten unstressed syllables and smoothly connect words in a sentence. Phonetics considers the rhythm of speech as a uniform alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. The rhythm of English speech is characterized by the uniform following of stressed syllables. Therefore, the speed of pronouncing unstressed syllables between two stressed ones depends on the number of unstressed syllables: the more unstressed syllables, the faster they will be pronounced. Rhythm as a component of information, associated with all its other components,is one of the most complex phenomena of English speech. The rhythm of speech is understood as the ordersliness of its sound, verbal and syntactic compositions, determined by the semantic load. In a broader sense, speech rhythm is a regular repetition of similar and commensurate speech units that performs structuring, text-forming and expressive-emotional functional.Speech rhythm is one of the manifestations of the fundamental laws of nature,its rhythm.It serves as the main aesthetic organisation of poetic and prose literary text. The most pronounced speech rhythm is expressed in poetic texts, the least -in spontaneous dialogic speech. Various language means are involved in the formation of speech rhythm: sound intonation,syntatic, lexico-semantic.Features of speech rhythm in a particular text are subject to its main idea. For example Stress in a sentence is the main means of providing rhythm in speech. Sometimes the basic rule of phrasal stress is not followed : a word that should be stressed may lose stress. In most cases this is due to the rhythm which is responsible for skipping the stress . For example : I ‘don’t think I can ‘don’t want to go. Unstressed words think , want should be stressed , in accordance with grammatical rules , but they are unstressed. When analysing word stress, one cannot ignore the relationship between word stress and phrasal intonation. The implementation of a word in a phrase is influenced by several factors: the semantic weight of the word (it’s significance in the phrase), position in the phrase , rhythmic tendencies that provide optimal alternations of stressed and unstressed syllables for a given language . An analysis of the phonetic structure of a sentence shows that the accent structure of a word can , to a certain extent, predetermine the placement of stress in a phrase. At the same time , the rhythmic organization of a phrase in English can change the degree and place of word stress, create new variants of accent structures. The correct word stress is best checked in a dictionary. You should not rely on your intuition or similar pronunciation : deviations from the rules of accentuation are very numerous. Some English dictionaries , for example, A.Hornby’s dictionary for foreigners improving their language , Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English , MacMillan English Dictionary for Advancef Learners , etc. will help not only clarify the pronunciation of many scientific and technical terms, but also establish their stress in connection with other words. For example , the word ‘chromium’ is given by A.Hornby’s dictionary , the main stress is transferred to the sunsequent word fittings (lighting fixtures -what?-chrome-plated) In orthoepic dictionaries - EPD D. Jones ( Jones 1997) and LPD J, Wells (Wells, 2000) you can also find information about stress shift in set phrases. In some dictionaries, you can find words with several accent variants, for example , one of the most authoritative pronunciation dictionaries of D. Jones (EPD) gives the following phono variants : decade dekeld [-kqd,-kid,di’keid ,de’keid жүктеу/скачать 54,19 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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