288
EFFECTS OF AZOTOBACTER CHROOCOCCUM INOCULATION WITH
DIFFERENT ORGANIC WASTES ON YIELD OF SPRING WHEAT
(TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)
Murat Durmuş
1
, Rıdvan Kızılkaya
1,2
1
Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,
Samsun, 55139 Turkey
2
Agrobigen R&D Ltd.Co., Samsun Technopark, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, 55139 Turkey
Murat Durmuş - Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and
Plant Nutrition, Samsun, 55139 Turkey
Rıdvan Kızılkaya - Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and
Plant Nutrition, Agrobigen R&D Ltd.Co., Samsun Technopark, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, 55139
Turkey
This study is conducted under controlled conditions in the greenhouses, for the purpose of determina-
tion of effects of indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK 49 inoculation on the yield of spring wheat (Triti-
cum aestivum L.). For this purpose different types of organic wastes are added to the soil at the rate of 5%,
and thus the organic matter content of the soil is increased. In some pots only the effects of organic wastes
on the yield of wheat plant are determined, in some pots effects of addition of some organic wastes together
with indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK 49 inoculation and only the effects of A.chroococcum inocula-
tion on the yield of the wheat plant. At the end of study, it is found that both the addition of organic wastes
and A.chroococcum inoculation has increased the yield of the wheat plant. At the end of the experiment,
237,8 kg/da grain productivity is gathered from the controlled application, 277kg/da grain yield is gathered
from A.chroococcum inoculation application, which is increased 16,5% more compared to controlled applica-
tion. It is also determined that, an increase in the yield has also occurred in only in the addition of organic
waste applications, and highest productivity increase has occurred in the addition of 5% wheat straw. In ad-
dition, the highest yield is determined on the application of A.chroococcum inoculation made together with
organic wastes addition, and in the all experiment application, the application that made highest increase in
the yield of grains is determines as wheat straw + A.chroococcum inoculation application, which has in-
creased the yield by 25,4%.
Key words: Azotobacter chrococcum, wheat, organic waste, inoculation
1.INTRODUCTION
Depletion of non-renewable sources of energy, escalating cost of fertilizers and environment quality of
aspects necessitated the review of various approaches focusing on the use of available renewable sources
of plant nutrition for sustainable agricultural production. As a result renewed research efforts are being made
systematically to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of bio-degradable wastes of produced at farms,
agroindustries and cities, in re-furnishing soil productivity and improving the efficiency of chemical fertilizers
(Chauhan and Thakur, 2012).
One way to increase crop yield is using the beneficial microorganisms. Plant growth promoting rhizo-
bacteria (PGPR) are some of bacteria that can grow in the root environment and be effective on plant growth
(Vessy, 2003; Yolcu et al. 2012). Mechanisms that can promote plant growth include production of phyto-
hormones, biological nitrogen fixation and increased solubility of insoluble elements in soil (Rovera et al.,
2008; Rosas et al., 2005). Studies showed that the inclusion of wheat plant with PGPR increased the growth
characteristics of wheat; bacteria studied were included Azospirillum (Bashand and Levanony, 1990), Azoto-
bacter (Rai and Gaure 1988), Basillus (Freitas, 2000), Pseudomonas (Zaidi and Khan, 2005), Clostridium
(Gasoni et al., 2001), and Herbaspirillum (Baldani et al., 2000).
Azotobacter is a free living N
2
fixing bacterium. It can successfully grow in the rhizospheric zone of
wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, cotton, potato, brinjal, cabbage and many others and fix 10-20 kg N
ha
-1
cropping season
-1
(Jadhav et al., 1987). Besides N
2
fixation, Azotobacter synthesizes and secretes con-
siderable amounts of biologically active substances like B vitamins, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin,
heteroauxins, gibrellins etc which enhance root growth of plants (Rao, 1986). Another important characteris-
tics of Azotobacter association with crop improvement in excretion of ammonia in the rhizosphere in the
presence of root exudates, which helps in modification of nutrient uptake by the plants (Narula and Gupta,
1986; Kader et al., 2002). All these factors combined together produce positive effects on crop yield. Under
the above circumstances, this study was undertaken to test the effects of indigenous Azotobacter chroococ-
cum RK 49 inoculant with different organic wastes on yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under con-
trolled condition.
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
289
2.MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1.Organic waste
Wheat straw, rice straw and soybean waste were collected during the grain harvest season in Sam-
sun, Turkey. Tobacco production waste was taken from the tobacco production industry. All organic wastes
were dried and sieved into less than 0.50 mm. The properties of the organic wastes were expressed on a dry
weight basis and were analyzed by standard procedures as given in Ryan et al. (2001). Among the organic
wastes used in this study, wheat straw had the highest organic matter while that of tobacco waste was the
lowest. Regarding N content, tobacco waste had the highest N content (1.93%) and the lowest N content
belong to wheat straw (0.48%). C:N ratio of the organic wastes ranged from 22 to 100 and the highest level
C:N ratio observed in wheat straw while that of lowest is tobacco waste. The order of organic waste asso-
ciated with C:N ratio was Tobacco waste > Rice waste > Soybean waste > Wheat straw. In addition these
OW contained major nutrients such as P, K and Ca which are agronomically important.
Table 1. Composition of organic wastes in measured variables
Organic material
C/N
N, %
P, %
K, %
Ca, %
Wheat straw
100
0,48
0,10
2,81
0,41
Rice waste
87
0,52
0,08
2,17
0,21
Tobacco waste
22
1,93
0,18
3,66
2,86
Soybean waste
88
0,58
0,06
3,77
0,55
2.2.Azotobacter chrococcum
Indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK49 strain was provided by the Soil Microbiology laboratory in
Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. This organism was repeatedly tested for their for nitrojen fixing
capacity and the effects on yield of plant (Kızılkaya, 2008, 2009) and stored in ultralow temperature freezer.
Before inoculation, the indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK49 strain were cultivated by Nitrogen-free
Ashby medium (5g glucose, 5g mannitol, 0.1 g CaCl
2
. 2 H
2
O, 0.1 gr MgSO
4
. 7H
2
O, 5 mg Na
2
MoO
4
. 2 H
2
O,
0.9 g K
2
HPO
4
, 0.1 g KH
2
PO
4
, 0.01 g FeSO
4
.7H
2
O, 5g CaCO
3
, 15 g agar in 1 L distilled water, pH 7.3).
Pure culture of indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK49 strain used for inoculation were grown in N-free
Ashby agar at 30
0
C. A single colony from each strain was transferred to a 50 mL flask, containing nitrogen
and agar free Ashby medium, and grown aerobically in flasks 72 hour, on a rotating shaker (125 rpm) at 30
0
C. A.chroococcum strain grown liquid Ashby medium was then diluted with sterile distilled water, containing
0.025% Tween 20 to a final concentration of 10
9
CFU mL
-1
. For seed treatments, wheat seeds were placed
in bacterial suspensions of 10
9
CFU mL
-1
for 30 min before sowing under sterilized conditions and then trans-
ferred unsterilized soil.
2.3.Experimental soil
Surface soil (0-20 cm) was taken from the agricultural field in Bafra, Samsun. Some physico-chemical
properties of soil were determined according to Rowell (1996). The soil used in this experiment contained
34.6 % clay, 31.93% silt, and 33.47% sand. Soil texture can accordingly be classified as a clay loam. Chemi-
cal properties were measured as follows: pH in water: 7.52, oxidizable organic matter content: 2.44%, Ca-
CO
3
, 6.27% and Electrical Conductivity (EC) 0.84 dSm
-1
. The experimental field had been under arable agri-
culture for 35 years. The site is located in the Black Sea Region, Northern Turkey (Latitude, 41
o
21'N; longi-
tude, 36
o
15'W). The climate is semi-humid, the annual mean temperature is 13.6
o
C and annual mean preci-
pitation is 764.3 mm.
2.4.Greenhouse experiment
A pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse with the spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) PAN-
DAS in order to investigate the effects of inoculation with indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK49 strain
with different organic wastes. Soil without organic waste addition and A.chroococcum inoculation was used
as a control. A randomized complete plot design with three replicates per treatment and soil was used. The
experiment was performed with the following 10 treatment:
1)
control
2)
+ wheat straw (%5)
3)
+ rice straw (%5)
4)
+ tobacco waste (%5)
5)
+ soybean waste (%5)
+ wheat straw (%5) + indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK49 inoculation
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
290
6)
7)
+ rice straw (%5) + indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK49 inoculation
8)
+ tobacco waste (%5) + indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK49 inoculation
9)
+ soybean waste (%5) + indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK49 inoculation
10)
+ indigenous Azotobacter chroococcum RK49 inoculation
This soil was filled in 5L pots. Thirty seeds were sown in each pot and thinned to fifteen plants per pot
after the full emergence of the first leaf. The pots were regularly irrigated to maintain a proper moisture level.
Plants in pots were harvested 83 days after sowing. At the end of the experiments, plant were collected from
the pots. Studied plant parameters were grain yield at the end of the both pot experiments.
3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The changes on the grain yield of spring wheat in the addition of 5% dosage of different organic
wastes, in addition of indigenous A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation together with 5% dosage addition of dif-
ferent organic wastes and the only the inoculation of indigenous A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation, are
shown in Figure 1. The increases that occurred in these applications compared to the controlled application
are given in Figure 2. It is determined that there are significant increases in the productivity of wheat plant in
both by applying indigenous A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation and organic wastes separately and applying
indigenous A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation and organic wastes together. While the yield of controlled ap-
plication is 237.8 kg/da, the yield has increased by 16.5% to 277 kg/da.
Figure 1. Effects of different organic wastes and the effects of indigenous A.chroococcum RK
49 inoculation made together with those organic wastes on spring wheat yield
Similarly, the yield of the wheat has increased by 19.4% to 283.9 kg/da by 5% of wheat straw applica-
tion to the soil, it has increased by 4.8% to 249.1 kg/da by tobacco waste application, it has increase by
0.5% to 239.1 kg/da by rice straw application, it has increased by 15.9% to 275.5 kg/da by soybean waste
application. On the other hand, the increase on the yield of wheat which the A.chroococcum RK 49 inocula-
tion made together with application of organic wastes made on has occurred much more effectively. The
highest increase that has occurred in the yield of grain of the wheat plant is gathered by A.chroococcum RK
49 inoculation made together with mixing the wheat straw to the soil at the rate of 5%.
It is determined that increase on the productivity of wheat by the application of A.chroococcum RK 49
inoculation made together with application of wheat straw soybean waste is much more that the increase
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
291
occurred by the application of other wastes. Even, it is determined that the increase on the yield of wheat
gathered by the application of only A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation is more that the application of tobacco
waste + A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation and rice straw + A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation applications.
In fact, it is expected that, the addition of A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation to tobacco waste and soybean
waste application should make more increase on the yield more than the application of those wastes alone,
but it did not occur. Beyond the doubt, this situation can be related to the chemical composition of the
wastes. Some organic compositions that are produced during decomposition of tobacco waste in the soil
may limit the A.chroococcum population and the fixation of nitrogen by Azotobacter. Similarly, it is thought
that because of its wider C/N rate than the other wastes that have and its resistant feature against to decom-
position arising from the existence of high silisium content in its composition, it does not decompose during
the experiment and can’t contribute to the productivity as expected. The studies have shown that in order to
A.chroococcum, which are heterotrophic, can continue their lives, can be active and being able to contribute
to productivity of the plant, the organic substance in the soil must be at adequate level. It is determined that,
if the organic substance level is not in adequate level, the level of the organic substance in the soil must be
increased with plant and animal based organic compounds, and the C/N rate of that organic compound must
be greater than 33/1. In the cases, where the C/N rate of organic material is smaller than 33/1 (Alexander,
1977), the Azotobacteries that inoculated to the environment uses the nitrogen in organic material instead of
fixation the nitrogen in the atmosphere, thus their contribution to plant yield become very limited.
Figure 2. Percentage in increase on spring wheat yield made by different organic wastes and
the indigenous A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation made together with those organic wastes
As a result, one of the most fundamental factors for increasing the productivity of wheat cultivation is
the Azotobacter cultivation of the soil which supports the plant’s feeding. In addition to, in A.chroococcum RK
49 inoculation, adding the plant based wastes to the soil both promotes to development of the plant’ root by
increasing the organic substance level, and increases the efficiency of Azotobacter. Besides those that the
same results found in this study also, it is determined that the efficiency of Azotobacter changes according to
organic material. It is determined that, the A.chroococcum RK 49 inoculation made together with the wheat
wastes that are left over at the end of the wheat cultivation increases the plant product yield.
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ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
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BIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES IN SOIL QUALITY FOR SUSTAINABLE
LAND MANAGEMENT
Rıdvan Kızılkaya
1,2
, Coşkun Gülser
1
1
Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Samsun,
55139 Turkey
2
Agrobigen R&D Ltd.Co., Samsun Technopark, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, 55139 Turkey
Rıdvan Kızılkaya - Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and
PlanNutrition, Agrobigen R&D Ltd.Co., Samsun Technopark, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, 55139
Turkey
Coşkun Gülser - Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and
Plant Nutrition, Samsun, 55139 Turkey
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
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