2013 №2 (19)
АЛАШТАНУ
53
атқарады. Өзі тәрбиелеген Шәймәрден
Алматыдан Семейге келген сапарында,
қаладағы досы Таһир Жомартбаевтың Мәннан
туралы хабарын ести салып, арнайы сәлем бере
барып, үйінде бір түн қона жатып, шерлерін
таратады. Осыдан көп ұзамай екеуіде «үштіктің»
қармағына ілінеді... Ақыры, қапаста қысым
көрседе, қайыспас ерлікпен, хауіп-хатер төнген
сәттерді де қасқая қарсы алады. Мәннан
Тұрғанбаев 1937 ж. 20 тамызында, Семей
түрмесінде. Кеңестік репрессияның жалмауыз
қорғасын оғына байланады. Күні бүгінге дейін
сүйегінің қайда екені белгісіз. (жасырын,
дерексіз, атаусыз меңіреулік)
Азаматтық, адамгершілік рухты мықтап
ұстанған Мәннан Тұрғанбаевтың өмірді түсінуін
барынша терең ұғынған сайын біздің ұлттық
рухымыздың қайнарын сонау ертедегі ұлылар
ұлағатынан алғандығына күмәніңіз қалмайды.
Мәннан қашанда рухани бастаушы ағартушы-
үйретуші ұстаздардың алдыңғы сапындағы
Семейлік кесек-тұлға емес деп кім айта алады?!
Ол сол кездің азаматтары рухани өсуінің
барометрі-тің.
Мәннан: «Қазақ құқыңа ие бол!» деумен
өшпес аманат, өсиет қалдырған жан.
Өз ұлтының (Алаштың) асыл арманын, тілек-
мұратын, жөні мен жолын ашуды қасиетті парыз
санаған алмаст ай арыстарымыз Нығмет
Нұрмақов, Смағұл Сәдуақасов, Мұхтар Әуезов,
Қаныш Сәтбаев, Әбікей Сәтбаев, Халел
Ғаббасо в, Жүсіпбек Аймауытов, Мәннан
Тұрғанбаев, Мағжан Жұмабаев, Әлімхан
Ермеко в,
Міржақып
Дулатов,
Ахмет
Байтурсынов, Әлихан Бөкейханов, Тұрағұл
Құнанбаев, Таһир Жомартбаев, т.б. Семей
топырағын басып, дәм-тұзын татқан тұғырлы
тұлғалардың есімдері бірдей ардақталып,
ұрпаққа мәңгі өнегеге айналуы қажет! Олар
шеккен жаза бірдей болғанда, бағаларды неге
бірдей алмасқа?! Алаш қозғалысының -90
жылдығы «әр өлкеде әр қилы аталып өтті...
«Біз жас болайық, кәрі болайық, еліміздің
болашағын, қазақтың мәдениетін, қазақтың
тарихын, қазақтың тілін, елдің ішінің
шайқалмауын ойлайық»... деген тұңғыш
президентіміз
Нұрсұлт ан
Әбішұлы
Назарбаевтың кемеңгер кемелдікпен айтқанын
әсте естен шығармайық, Алаштық бауырлар!
Алла ісімізге әмсе жар болғай!
Әдебиет
1. Алаш қозғалысы-2004, 2005, 2007, 2008,
басылымдар. Алматы. Астана
2. Ахметов Ғ.- алаш «Алаш» болғанда, Жалын
баспасы, 1996 ж.
3. «Айқап» -1915 ж.
4. Алаш көсемдері: Әлихан Бөкейханов,
Ахмет Байтұрсынов, М.Дулатов, Мағжан –
шығармалары5. «Қазақ тілі» газеті- Семей
тарихи мұражайдағы тігінділер
6. Нүрпейісов К-Алаш һәм Алашорда
Алматы. 1995 ж.
7. Е.Сыздықов – Шәкәрім және Алашорда
8. С.Тәбәрікұлы – Қайран, Мәннан-Алматы,
Қағанат баспа.-2002 ж.
9. Н.Назарбаев-тарих толқынында-1999 ж.
Алматы.
10. Егемен Қазақстан, қазақ әдебиеті, Семей
таңы, Ертіс өңірі газет тігінділері, т.б.
2013 №2 (19)
АЛАШТАНУ
Резюме
Resume
В статье рассматривается роль Маннана Турганбаева в истории Алаш Орды.
The article is dedicated to the life of Manan Turganbaev, who devoted his life to the history of the
movement Alash Orda and its leaders who defended the national honor of the country.
54
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ӘДЕБИЕТТАНУ ЖӘНЕ ТІЛ БІЛІМІ
ZH. KALIMOVA, the candidate of philological sciences, the head of
the department of “The theory and practice of translation”
Semei State Shakarim university
THE SOURCES OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
This article is devoted to the problem of word formation in present day English. The author describes
the most productive ways of word formation in the English language, such as affixation, conversion,
compounding. The article also comprises some information about miner types of forming new words in
English.
The theoretical questions are supported by numerous practical examples from contemporary English
vocabulary.
The two biggest dictionaries suggest around half
a million lexemes – a total approached by the
unabridged Webster’s Third New International
(which claims over 450,000 entries), and by the
integrated edition of the Oxford English Dictionary(
which claims over 500,000 entries) [1, 119 ]. The
true figure is undoubtedly a great deal higher. Even
if we restrict the issue to standard vocabulary, there
are many items which could be concluded as part
of the lexicon, but which are not usually found in a
dictionary. There are some half a million abbreviated
forms in English, many of which have a clear lexical
status (FBI, NATO, etc.) and fauna and flora also
provide a vast lexical recourse. For example, there
are apparently some million insects already
described. This means that there must be at least a
million, with several million mo re awaiting
description.
Many lexemes have arrived with the Germanic
tribes, and have never fallen out of use. The Anglo-
Saxon lexical character continues to dominate
everyday conversat ion, whether it being
grammatical words (in, on, be, that), lexical words
(father, love, name), or affixes (mis-, un-,-ness, -
less). Although Anglo-Saxon lexemes comprise
only a relatively small part of the total modern
lexicon, they provide almost all the most frequently
used words in the language. “Brown University
corpus of written American English” gives the
following data: “…one hundred most frequently
used items are almost all Anglo-Saxon” [ 1, 438].
A good deal way of developing a feel for Anglo-
Sa[on element in the vocabulary is to place Old
English lexemes alongside later French or Latin
borrowings. Disregarding any difference of meaning
the later forms are usually more formal, careful,
bookish or polite. For example:
Old English French Latin
Guts courage
Clothes attire
Climb ascend
Sweat perspire
Happiness felicity
House mansion
Wish desire
There are also several ‘lexical triplets’ in French
and Latin forms have both joined and original Old
English item. The readiness of English to acquire
near-synonyms has been an important factor in the
development of the stylistic versatility of the modern
language:
Old English French Latin
Rise mount ascend
Ask question interrogate
Fast firm secure
Kingly royal regal
УДК 811.512.122
Key words: English vocabulary, affixation, conversion, compounding.
55
Fire flame conflagration.
In the course of its development one language
may take lexemes or items from another language.
“A loan word, borrowed word or borrowing is a
word taken from another language and modified in
phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning
according to the standards of the English language”[
2, 305]. English, perhaps, more than any other
language, is an insatiable borrower. Whereas the
speakers of some languages take pains to exclude
foreign words from their lexicons, English seems
always to have welcomed them. Over 120 languages
are as sources of its present- day vocabulary, and
the locations of contact are found all over the world.
The borrowings began soon after the Anglo-
Saxons arrived in the British Isles. There are very
few Celtic loans during that period, but the influence
of Latin is strong, especially after the arrival of
Christianity, e.g. bishop, church, school, giant,
purple, plant etc. Then the Viking invasions alone
resulted in about 2.000 Scandinavian words coming
into English (e.g. egg, kid, leg, skin, sky, window
etc). After the Norman Conquest, the influx of words
from the continent of Europe, especially French,
doubled the size of the English vocabulary to over
100,000 it ems. “French influence became
increasingly evident in English Manuscripts of the
13th century. It has been estimated that some 10,000
French words came into English at that time” [1,
45]. French words were largely do with the law,
administration, but they also included words from
such fields as medicine, art, fashion. Over 70 percent
were nouns. A large number were abstract terms,
formed by using such new French affixes as con-,
trans-, pre-, -ance, -ence, -tion and –ment, e.g.
administration terms: authority, baron, constable,
council, court, crown, empire, government, mayor,
messenger, palace, parliament, royal etc; law terms:
accuse, advocate, arrest, bar, blame, convict, crime,
decree, evidence, indictment, judge, jury, justice,
prison, punishment etc; religion items: abbey,
cardinal, cathedral, charity, confess, faith, mercy,
prayer, religion, saint, theology etc.; military terms:
army, battle, captain, combat, defend, enemy, guard,
lieutenant, navy, peace, sergeant, spy etc.; food and
drink: appetite, bacon, beef, biscuit, cream, dinner,
fruit, fry, lemon, mustard, olive, orange, plate, salad,
sardine, sugar, supper. Sausage etc.; leisure and art
terms: art, beauty, chess, colour, conversation,
dance, image, leisure, literature, melody, music,
park, pavilion, poet, prose, rhyme, romance, story,
title etc.; science and learning: anatomy, calendar,
copy, geometry, grammar, lo gic, medicine,
physician, poison, pulse, , stomach, study, surgeon
etc.; terms concerning home: ceiling, chair,
chamber, chimney, couch, curtain, cushion, lamp,
pantry, parlour, pillar, scullery, towel etc.; nouns:
action, adventure, affection, age, air, city, comfort,
country, courage, cruelty, debt, error, face, fault,
honour, joy, labour, manner, marriage, noise,
number, power, opinion, people, person, reason,
season,, sign etc.; adjectives: active, blue, brown,
calm, certain, clear, common, cruel, curious, eager,
easy, final, foreign, honest, large, natural, nice,
original, perfect, poor, precious, rude, simple, solid,
special, strange, usual, sudden, sure etc.; verbs:
advice, allow, arrange, carry, change, close,
continue, cry, deceive, enjoy, enter, form, inform,
join, marry, move, , obey, pass, pay, please,, prefer,
prove, receive, refuse, remember, reply, satisfy, save,
serve, suppose, travel, trip, wait, waste etc.
The emergence of English as a world language
has promoted regular contact with an unprecedented
number of languages and cultures, and borrowings
have shown an immediate upturn. New fauna and
flora, political groups and institutions, landscape
features, industrial products inventions, leisure
activities, and other have all generated thousands
of new words – and continue to do so.
Most English vocabulary arises by making new
lexems out of old ones by adding an affix to
previously existing forms, altering the word class,
or combining them to produce compounds. These
processes of constructions are of interest to
grammarians as well as lexicologists.
There are three possible types of affixes: those
which occur before the root or stem of a word
(prefix), those which occur after( suffixes), and
those which occur within (infix). “English does not
have affixes in large numbers – only 50 common
prefixes, somewhat fewer common suffixes, and no
clear instances of infixes” [ encyc p. 128]. But
these limited recourses are used in a complex and
productive way. Not all the affixes have a strong
creative potential, of course, the Ola English ending
–th, for example found only in warmth, length,
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ӘДЕБИЕТТАНУ ЖӘНЕ ТІЛ БІЛІМІ
2013 №2 (19)
depth, width, sixth and a few other items, hardly
ever used now to create new words.
In the below given list gives the common
prefixes in English – though not all the variant
forms. The prefix in-, for example becomes il-
before words beginning with / l / as in illiberal .Nor
does this list include scientific and technical items
which are commonly used in compounds, such as
bio-, euro- and techno. Some prefixes appear more
than once, because they have more than one
meaning. For example, there is a difference between
unexpected (which means ‘not expected’) and
unwrap ( which adds the specific sense of reversing
a previous action). The following most common
meanings of prefixes may be observed: negation:
a- (atheis, amoral), dis- (disobey, disbelieve), in
(incomplete, indecisive), non- (nonsmoker,
nonmedical), un- (unwise, unhelpful); reversal: de-
(defrost, defraud), dis- ( disconnect, disinfect),
disparaging: mal- (maltreat, malfunction); size and
degree: co- (cohabit, copilot), hyper- (hypermarket,
HyperCard), mega- (loan, megamerger), mini-
(miniskirt, minibus), out- ( outclass, outrun), over-
( o verworked, o verflo w), sub- (subnormal,
subtropical), super- ( supermarket, superman), sur-
( surtax, surcharge), ultra- (ultramodern,
ultrasound), under- (undercharge, underplay), vice-
(vice-chair, vice-president); orientation: anti-
(antifascist, antisocial), auto- (autosuggestion,
autobiography), contra-(contraindicate, contra
flow), counter- (counteract, counterrevolutionary),
pro- ( proconsul); location and distance: extra-
(extraterritorial, extramural), fore- (foreshore,
foreleg), inter- (interplay, intermarry), pan- ( pan-
American, pan-African),super-(superscript,
superstructure), tele-( telescope, telephone), trans-
(transplant, transatlantic); time and order: ex- (ex-
husband,
ex-president ),fo re-
(forewarn,
foreshadow), neo-(post- (postwar, postmodern), pre-
(preschool, prewar), proto- (prototype, proto
European), re- (recycle, renew); number: bi-
(bicycle, bilingual), di- (dioxide, digraph), mono-
(mo norail, monoplane), multi- (multiracial,
multipurpose), poly- (polytechnic, polygamy), semi-
(semicircle, semidetached), tri- ( tripod), uni-
(unicycle).
The following suffixes as –tion, -ship, -ness, -
able, -ery, -ese, -ling,-like, -let, -esque,- ette, -ess,-
ism, -ite,-ish etc. are commonly occurring English
suffixes. A number of them have a meaning which
fairly easy to distinguish., e.g. –ess means ‘femaleof’
( lioness. And some have several meanings: -ette
can mean ‘ female of’(usherette), ‘small version of’
(kitchenette), or ‘substitute for’ (leatherette). Some
have highly abstract meanings, difficult to define:
one of the meanings of
-ery is ‘the quality or state of having a particular
trait, e.g. snobbery.
Suffixes do not more than alter the meaning of
the word to which they are attached. Many of the
also change the word’s grammatical status, e.g. the
–ife ending turns the noun beauty into the verb
beautify and –ing ending turns the concrete noun
farm into the abstract one farming. In this respect
suffixes differ from prefixes, which rarely cause
words to change their class, and are thus best
discussed under the heading of grammar.
The following t ypes of suffixes may be
distinguished in English: abstract noun-makers: -
age(fro ntage, mileage), dom- (stardom,
officialdom), -ery (drudgery, slavery), -ful (cupful,
spoonful), -hood (brotherhood, girlhood), -ing
(farming, paneling), -ism (idealism, racism), -ship
(friendship, membership); concrete noun-maker: -
eer (engineer, racketeer), -er (teenager, cooker), -
ess (waitress, lioness), -ette (usherette, kitchenette),-
let ( booklet, outlet), -ster (gangster, gamester);
adverb-makers: -ly (quickly, happily), -ward(s) (
no rthwards, onwards), -wise (clockwise,
lengthwise); verb-makers: -ate (orchestrate,
chlorinate), -en (deapen, ripen), -ify ( certify,
beautify), -ize/ise (modernize, advertise); adjective-
makers: -ese (Chinese, Port uguese), -(i)an
(republican, Parisian), -ist (socialist, loyalist), -ite
(socialite, Luddite).
The following suffixes form nouns from verbs:
-age(brakeage), -al (refusal), -ant (important), -ation
(education), -ee (payee), -er (writer), -ing (clothing),
-ment (equipment), -or (actor), nouns from
adjectives: -ity (falsity),
-ness (kindness), adjectives from nouns: -ed
(blue eyed), -ful (useful), -ic (atomic), (i)al
(editorial), -ish (foolish), -less (careless), -ly
(friendly), -ous (ambitious), -y (sandy); adjectives
from verbs: -able (washable), -ive (attractive).
Many languages make great use of infixes-
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2013 №2 (19)
ӘДЕБИЕТТАНУ ЖӘНЕ ТІЛ БІЛІМІ
affixes that are places within the stem of a word to
express such notions as tense, number, or gender.
English has no system of infixes, but people do from
time to time coin words into which other forms
have been inserted. This happens quite commonly
while swaring or being emphatic, as in absobloom
or kangabloodyroo. But such constructions are not
current in present day English.
Lexemes can be made to change their word class
without the addition of an affix. “The process of
coining a new word in a different part of speech
and with a different distribution characteristic, but
without adding any derivative element is called
conversion” [2, 131]. The items chiefly produced
in this way are nouns, adjectives and verbs –
especially the verbs which come from nouns, e.g.
to bottle, and the nouns which come from verbs,
e.g. a doubt . Not all the senses of the lexeme are
usually carried through into the derived form,
however. The noun ‘paper’ has several meanings,
such as ‘newspaper’, ‘wallpaper’ and ‘’an academic
article”. The verb to paper relates only to the second
of these. Lectures and editors may paper their rooms,
but not their audiences or readers.
Another way very productive way of forming
new words is by combining two or more stems.”
Compound words are words consisting of at least
two stems which occur in a language as free forms”
[2, 85]. On the surface, there appear to be two (or
more) lexemes present, but in fact the parts are
functioning as a single item, which has its own
meaning and grammar. So, flowerpot does not refer
to a flower and a pot, but to single object. It is
pronounced as a unit, with a single main stress, and
is used grammatically as a unit- its plural form, for
example, is flowerpots and not flowers-pots.
Compounds are most readily classified into types
based on the kind of grammatical meaning they
represent. Earthquake, for example, can be
paraphrased as ‘the earth quakes’, and the relation
of earth and to quake is that of subject to a verb
Similarly, ‘crybaby’ is also subject+verb ( the baby
cries).The following types of compounds can be
observed in English: nouns (subject+verb): sunrise,
headache, popcorn, washing-machine, working-
party; verb+object: haircut, tax-payer, crime report,
chewing-gum. window-cleaner; verb+adverbial:
living-room, playgoer; subject+object: motocycle,
windmill,gslight, postman, oak tree; adjectives
(verb+o bject): man-eating, breathtaking,;
verb+adberbial:
handmade,
t ypewritt en,
widespread; compositions without verbs: homesick,
camera-ready, rock-hadr, Franco-German etc.
Affixation, conversion and compounding are the
three major types of word formation, but there are
other miner types of word formation such as
abbreviations (initialisms - BBC, USA, acronyms
which are pronounces as single words, such as
NATO, UNESCO, clippings – a part of a word
serves for the whole, e.g. phone, exam, fridge,
blendings, which are made out of the shortened
forms o f the two ot her words, such as
brunch(breakfast+ lunch), smog (smoke+fog), and
some other facetious forms as TGIF – ‘thank God
it’s Friday’, KCMG – ‘kindly call me God” etc.
The vocabulary is the Everest of a language.
There is no larger task than to look for order among
the hundreds of thousands of words which comprise
the lexicon. That’ why it’s very important to
investigate the origin and present day state of the
English language in order to get a complete and
accurate picture of the English vocabulary.
Literature
1. D. Cristal. The Cambridge encyclopedia of
the English language. - New York, Cambridge
University Press, 1996.
2. I.V. Arnold. The English Word. - M.,
Издательство «Просвещение», 1990.
3. Зыкова И.В. Практикум по лексикологии
английского языка. - М., Академия, 2006.
4. 3. Антрушина, Г.Б. Лексикология
английского языка: учеб.пособ. для вузов, - 8-е
изд., . - М.: Дрофа, 2008
5. А.И. Смирницкий. Лексикология
английского языка. - М., «Высшая школа», 2007.
Мақалада қазіргі ағылшын тілінің сөзжасам мәселелері жан-жақты қарастырылған. Автор
қазіргі ағылшын тіліндегі сөзжасамның өнімді және өнімсіз тәсілдерін жан-жақты сипаттап,
теориялық мәселелерді көптеген мысалдармен дәлелдеуге баса назар аударған.
Резюме
58
В данной статье рассматриваются проблемы словообразования в современном английском
языке и продуктивные и непродуктивные способы образования новых слов. Теоретические вопросы
подкреплены достаточным количеством фактических материалов.
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