Белорусский государственный
Contours Intonation patterns are called contours
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- Double-peak head
| Contours
Intonation patterns are called contours to imply that the pitch movement over the relevant points – stressed syllables – forms a line of some shape. The meaning of the contours is, generally speaking, the sum total of the meanings of the nuclear tone and the head. D Delimiting (grammatical) function of intonation Intonation delimits utterances and parts of utterances in the speech flow. The division of an utterance into intonation-groups in English, as in other languages, is determined by the semantic and syntactic relations between the words in it. Sometimes it is only through the placement of intonation boundaries (markers of intonation division) that the actual kind of relationship is revealed in oral speech. So the delimiting function of intonation (prosody) often becomes grammatical (syntactic). Descending heads The first fully stressed syllable in descending heads is said on a high pitch (it can also be mid-high or very high); each following fully stressed syllable i.e. beginning with the second) always begins lower than the preceding stressed syllable. Double-peak head All the semantically important words are given full stress by the speaker and thus made equally prominent to the listener. The overall prominence of the utterance increases as a result, and so does the weight of each of the words. The simplest form of this head-type is a double-peak head. More complicated patterns could be called diffuse heads. E Emphatic tones Emphatic tones are used in speech for two main purposes: 1) to increase the semantic prominence of separate words in an utterance or that of an entire utterance; 2) to attach an emotional colouring to an utterance. The two functions are closely connected and are often performed simultaneously. At other times, however, one of the functions will prevail while the other one is weakened and 67 practically neutralised. Structurally, emphatic tones are modifications, or variants, of basic kinetic and static tones. In other words, the system of tones in the so-called ‘neutral’ (less emotionally coloured) speech, on the one hand, and expressive speech, on the other, remains the same. Emphasis applied to a tone increases the force of articulation on the syllable carrying the tone and, consequently, the effect of loudness. It also changes the pitch characteristics, moving the upper point of a kinetic tone upward and the lower point of it downward, thus widening the interval of the pitch-change. In the case of a static tone emphasis displaces the ‘normal’ pitch-height of the tone upwards or downwards (extra-high and extra-low pitch levels, respectively). As a result the voice- range of an utterance is widened as compared with the ‘normal’ voice-range of ‘neutral’ speech. Emphasis on narrow kinetic tones (High Narrow Fall, Low Narrow Fall, High Narrow Rise, Low Narrow Rise) and mid-static tones widens the range of these tones or changes their relative height, so that as result, the pitch gradation of emphatic tones can be reduced to no more than 2 or 3 varieties: high and low or high, mid and low. жүктеу/скачать 0,6 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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