Белорусский государственный
жүктеу/скачать 0,6 Mb. Pdf көрінісі
|
- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- Pitch (speech melody) The pitch component of intonation , or speech melody
- Pitch-level A pitch-level
|
Onset The first fully stressed syllable with which the head begins is often referred to as the onset. P Phonetic prominence Prominence is the placement of stress in discourse by the speaker (often referred to as ‘sentence stress’ or ‘utterance stress’). It is also known as highlighting, focus, tonic prominence. The effect of phonetic prominence is based on a complex of prosodic modifications which can be in a general way described as an increase of the force of articulation (intensity), length (duration), and pitch level (fundamental frequency of the voice). Besides, the articulation of a vowel (formant structure) also plays a role in the perception of utterance-stress: a syllable prominent on utterance level always has a full quality vowel. Pitch (speech melody) The pitch component of intonation, or speech melody, is commonly referred to as variations in the height of the voice during speech, and is generally described in terms of pitch-changes and levels. Pitch-change If the voice at the beginning of a unit is higher (or lower) than at its end, there is an effect of a falling or a rising pitch change. The height of the voice within a unit may change in two directions: upward and the downward, or vice versa – a Rise-Fall or a Fall-Rise, respectively; sometimes there may be three changes – Rise-Fall-Rise. Perceptible variations in the pitch of the voice can be based on actual changes of the fundamental frequency of the voice within vowels and sonorants, or result from a contrast between the pitch-levels of the stressed syllable and the unstressed syllable(s) following it in the rhythmic-accentual group. 71 Pitch-level A pitch-level is a certain height within the speaker’s voice-range. The notion of a level may be applied to the whole stretch of an utterance, and then it means the average height of the voice during the pronunciation of the given utterance. In a narrower sense, a pitch-level is associated with some particular point in an utterance, such as, e.g., the beginning and ending points of pronunciation units: syllables, rhythmic groups, intonation-groups. These points, especially in a unit such as a syllable, may coincide in their height, i.e. the syllable is pronounced on a steady, unchanged pitch. Its most significant perceptible characteristic is the actual height of the unit in relation to the speaker’s voice-range. From the functional point of view, the pitch-level plays an important role in marking the degree of semantic prominence attached by the speaker to this or that word or phrase in an utterance. Pitch level is also significant for conveying various shades of modal-attitudinal meanings and emotional colouring. жүктеу/скачать 0,6 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|