Боргуль Н. М. Пособие по основам теории изучаемого языка, печать
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PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY UNIT 1. PHONETICS AS A SCIENCE What do we mean by phonetics as a science? Phonetics is concerned with the human noises by which the thought is actualized or gives audible shape: the nature of these noises, their combinations, and their functions in relation to the meaning. Phonetics studies the sound system of the language, that is segmental phonemes, word stress, syllabic structure and intonation. To underline the importance of the sound medium of language H. Guason notes that to speak any language a person must know nearly all the 100 per cent of its phonetics, while only 50 per cent of its grammar and 1 per cent of the vocabulary may be sufficient. For example, by changing intonation structure of an utterance one changes meaning. Human speech is the result of a highly complicated series of events. The formation of the concept takes place at a linguistic level, that is in the brain of the speaker. This stage may be called psychological. The message formed within the brain is transmitted along the nervous system to the speech organs. Therefore we may say that the human brain controls the behavior of the articulating organs which effects in producing a particular pattern of speech sounds. This second stage may be called physiological. The movements of the speech apparatus disturb the air stream thus producing sound waves. Consequently the third stage may be called physical or acoustic. Further, any communication requires a listener, as well as a speaker. So the last stages are the reception of the sound waves by the listener‘s hearing physiological apparatus, the transmission of the spoken message through the nervous system to the brain and the linguistic interpretation of the information conveyed. Consequently, there are three branches of phonetics each corresponding to a different stage in the communication process mentioned above. Each of these branches uses quite special sets of methods. The branch of phonetics that studies the way in which the air is set in motion, the movements of the speech organs and the coordination of these movements in the production of single sounds is called articulatory phonetics. Acoustic phonetics studies the way in which the air vibrates between the speaker‘s mouth and the listener‘s ear. The branch of phonetics investigating the hearing process is known as auditory phonetics. Its interests lie more in the sensation of hearing, which is brain activity, than in the physiological working of the ear or the nervous activity between the ear and the brain. The means by which we discriminate sounds – quality, sensations of pitch, loudness, length, are relevant here. This branch of phonetics is of great interest to anyone who teaches or studies pronunciation. Phonetics is itself divided into two major components: segmental phonetics, which is concerned with individual sounds (segment of speech) and suprasegmental 40 phonetics whose domain is the larger units of connected speech: syllables, words, phrases and texts. Phonetics is closely connected with other linguistic sciences – grammar, lexicology, stylistics, the history of the language, etc., since the phonetic system of a language, its vocabulary and grammar constitute one indivisible whole. Phonetics is also interconnected with physiology, biology, physics, pedagody, psychology, mathematics, cybernetics, sociology. |