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INTRODUCTION
Reading as the major domain
5. PISA 2018 marks the third time reading is a major domain and the third time that the framework
receives a major revision. Such a revision must reflect the changing definition of reading literacy as
well as the contexts in which reading is used in citize
ns’ lives. Thus, the present revision of the
framework builds on contemporary and comprehensive theories of reading literacy as well as
considers how students acquire and use information across broad contexts.
6. We live in a rapidly changing world, in which both the quantity and variety of written materials
are increasing and where more and more people are expected to use these materials in new and
increasingly complex ways. It is now generally accepted that our understanding of reading literacy
evolves along with changes in society and culture. The reading literacy skills needed for individual
growth, educational success, economic participation and citizenship 20 years ago were different
from those of today; and it is likely that in 20 years’ time they will change further still.
7. The goal of education has continued to shift its emphasis from the collection and memorisation
of information only to the inclusion of a broader concept of knowledge: “whether a technician or a
professional person, success lies in being able to communicate, share, and use information to
solve complex problems, in being able to adapt and innovate in response to new demands and
changing circumstances, in being able to marshal and expand the power of technology to create
new knowle
dge and expand human capacity and productivity” (Binkley et al., 2010, p. 1). The
ability to locate, access, understand and reflect on all kinds of information is essential if individuals
are to be able to participate fully in our knowledge-based society. Achievement in reading literacy
is not only a foundation for achievement in other subject areas within the educational system, but
also a prerequisite for successful participation in most areas of adult life (Cunningham & Stanovich,
1998; OECD, 2013a; Smith, Mikulecky, Kibby, & Dreher, 2000). The PISA framework for assessing
the reading literacy of students towards the end of compulsory education, therefore, must focus on
reading literacy skills that include finding, selecting, interpreting, integrating and evaluating
information from the full range of texts associated with situations that reach beyond the classroom.
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