СПИСОК ДЖЕРЕЛ ТА ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
1.
Наказ Міністерства охорони здоров’я України №415 від 19.08.2005 р.
«Про удосконалення добровільного консультування і тестування на ВІЛ
інфекцію»
[Електронний
ресурс]
–
Режим
доступу:
http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1404-05.
2.
Наказ Міністерства України у справах сім'ї, молоді та спорту,
Міністерства праці та соціальної політики України, Міністерства охорони
здоров'я України №3123/275/770 від 13.09.2010 р. «Про затвердження
стандартів надання соціальних послуг представникам груп ризику»
[Електронний
ресурс]
–
Режим
доступу:
http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0903-10.
3.
Річний звіт Всеукраїнської благодійної організації «Всеукраїнська
мережа людей, які живуть з ВІЛ» – Київ, 2012. – 48 с.
4.
Соціальний супровід і медична допомога для дискордантних пар:
Методичні рекомендації / Авт. Кол: Нізова Н.М., Сало Н.Й., Яцура О.П.,
Єщенко О.Г., Бортницький В.А. – К: Інжиніринг, 2009. – 112 с.
«Гуманітарний простір науки: досвід та перспективи»
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UDK 74:371.3
Istamov Zavqiddin, Akilova Anvara, Umrzoqova Saodat
(Samarqand, O’zbekiston)
TASVIRIY SAN’AT DARSLARINI TASHKIL ETISH VA YANGI
PEDAGOGIK TEXNOLOGIYA TUSHUNCHASI
Ushbu maqolada tasviriy san’at darslarini tashkil etishning bir qator
yo’llari, yangi pedagogik texnalogiyalar haqida so’z borgan. Shuningdek tasviriy
san’at fanida ishlatiladigan xom ashyo va materiallar haqida ham to’xtalib o’tilgan.
Kalit so’zlar: akvarel, qog’oz, qalam, mo’yqalam, rang.
This article describes the organization of visual arts classes in a number of
ways, and there is an information about the new educational journey. As well as, the
raw materials and materials which are used in the fine arts are also discussed.
Key words: watercolor, paper, pencil, brush, color.
Tasviriy san’at darslarini yangi pedagogik texnologiyalar asosida o‘tish va
uning metodikasi tasviriy san’at darslaridagina emas balki boshqa fanlarni o‘qitish
jarayonida ham san’at asarlaridan o‘quvchi foydalanadi. O‘qituvchi o‘quvchilar
bilan rassom asarlarini tomosha qilib o‘rganadi, o‘quvchilar bilan suhbatlashiladi va
unga murakkab bo‘lmagan vazifalarni tayyorlash topshiriladi. Bolalar hikoya, refarat
yoki insho yozadilar. Bu esa o‘quvchining fazoviy tasavvurlarini oshirib muloqat
tilini boyitadi.
Darsda tasviriy ko‘rgazma sifatida san’atning u yoki bu ko‘rinishi tabiatning
ma’lum bir obrazini yoritib turishi, illyustratsiya ko‘rgazma shaklida olinishi uchrab
turadi. Ba’zida faqatgina asarlarning mazmuni aytiladi, uning to‘liq tuzilishi,
yaratilishi to‘g‘risida gapirilmaydi.
Tasviriy san’atning rivojlanishida Prezdentimiz I.A. Karimovning xissalari
katta bo‘ldi. Chunki, tasviriy san’at masalalari ham ma’naviyatni yuksaltiradigan
alohida bir fan sohasi bo‘lib hisoblanadi. «Yuksak ma’naviyat, engilmas kuch»
asarida Prezidentimiz tasviriy san’atga ham bo‘lgan e’tiborni oshirish kerakligi
to‘g‘risida aytib o‘tgan edi.
Hoziigi davr ta’lim taraqqiyoti yangi yo‘nalish - innovatsion pedagogikani
maydonga olib chiqdi. «Innovatsion pedagogika* termini va unga xos bo‘lgan
tadqiqotlar G‘arbiy evropa va AQSHda 60-yiilarda paydo bo‘ldi. Innovatsion
faoliyat F.N. Gonobolin, S.M. Godnin, V.I. Zagvyazinskiy, VA Kan-Kalik,
N.V. Kuzmina, VA Slastenin, AJ. SHcherbakov ishlarida tadqiq etilgan. Bu
tadqiqotlarda innovatsion faoliyat amaliyoti va ilg‘or pedagogik tajribalarni keng
yoyish nuqtai nazardan yoritilgan.
X. Barnet, Dj. Basset, D. Gamilton, N. Gross, R. Karlson, M. Maylz,
A. Xeyvlok, D. CHen, REdem ishlarida innovatsion jarayonlarniboshqarish,
ta’limdagi o‘zgarishlarni tashkil etish, innovatsiyaning «hayoti va faoiiyati» uchun
zarur bo‘lgan shart-sharoitlar masalalari tahlil qilingan.
Yangilik kiritishning sotsial-psixologik aspekti amerikalik innovatik
E. Rodjers tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan ekan. U yangilik kiritish jarayoni
«Гуманітарний простір науки: досвід та перспективи»
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qatnashchilarining toifa(tip)lari tasniflni, uning yangilikka bo‘lgan munosabatini, uni
idrok qilishga shayligini tadqiq etadi.
Innovatsiya (inglizcha innovation) − yangilik kiritish, yangilikdir.
A.I. Prigojin innovatsiya deganda muayyan ijtimoiy birlikka − tashkibt, aholi,
jamiyat, guruhga yangi, nisbatan turgun unsurlarni kiritib boruvchi maqsadga
muvofiq o‘zgarishlarni tushunadi. Bu innovator faoliyatidir:
Tadqiqotchilar (A.I. Prigojin, B.V. Sazonov, V.S. Tolstoy, A.G. Kruglikov,
A.S. Axiezer, N.P. Stepanov va boshqalar) innovatsion jarayonlar tarkibiy qismlarini
o‘iganishning ikki yondashuvini ajratadilan yangilikning individual mikrosathi va
alohida-alohida kiritilgan yangiliklarni o‘zaro faol ta’siri mikrosathi.
Birinchi yondashuvda hayotga joriy etilgan qandaydir yangi goya yoritiladi.
Ikkindri yondashuvda alohida-alohida kiritilgan yangiliklarning о‘zaro
ta’siri, ularning birchasi, raqobati va oqibat natijada birining o‘rnini ikkinchisi
egallashidir.
Olimlar innovatsion jarayon mikro tuzilmasini tahlil qilishda hayotning
davriyligi konsepsiyasini farqlaydilar.
Bu konsepsiya yangilik kiritishga nisbatan o‘lchanadigan jarayon
ekanligidan kelib chiqadlar.
Pedagogikaga oid adabiyotlarda innovatsiya jarayoni sxemasi ko‘rsatiladi.
1.
Yangi g‘oya to‘g‘ilishi yoki yangilik konsepsiyasini paydo qilish bosqichi.
U kashfiyot bosqichi deb ham yuritiladi.
2.
Ixtiro qilish, ya’ni yangilik yaratish bosqichi.
3.
Yaratilgan yangilikni amalda qo‘llay bilish bosqichi.
4.
Yangilikni yoyish, uni keng tadbiq etish bosqichi.
Muayyan sohada yangilikning hukmronlik qilish bosqichi. Bu bosqichda
yangilik o‘zining yangiligini yo‘qotadi, uning samara beradigan muqobili paydo
bo‘ladi.
Yangi muqobillik asosida, almashtirish orqali yangilikning qo‘llanish
doirasini qisqartirish bosqichi.
Tasviriy san’at darslarini yangi pedagogik texnologiyada o‘tish uchun
albatta uning joyi jihozlanishini aniqlash, joriy zamonaviylashtirishda muayyan
tizim mahsuloti unsurlaridan birini yangilashni ko‘zda tutadi.
Tasviriy san’at predmetini o’qitishda uning eng kerakli materiallari va
ularning o’ziga xos xossalari bo’ladi. Shu munosabatlar birligi ularni o’rganishga,
anglashga, tushunib yetishga asosdir.
Vatman, yarim vatman (polevatman), goznak, aleksandrskiy, akvarel
qog’ozi, millimetrovka, shaffof (kalka) qog’ozi, barxit qog’ozlari, gazet qog’ozlari
va boshqalar. Bular pishiqligi bilan bir-biridan farqlanadi.
Qalamlar turi bo’yicha, rangi buyicha, xossasi bo’yicha ham bo’linadi.
Lekin, asosan uchga ya’ni, yumshoq M; qattiq T; o’rtacha TM ga bo’linib, ularning
ortishi harflar oldiga 2;3;4… yozilishi bilan belgilanadi. Sifatli chiqaradigan
firmatlar ham bunda ahamiyatga yega. Konstruktor qalamlari yeng sifatli sanaladi.
Rangli qalamlar tasviriy san’atda qo’llaniladi. Pastel, sous, sangina, retush va
boshqa turlari ham mavjud [1].
Maktab tasviriy san’at darslarini o’qitishning yangi usullari bo’yicha dars
ishlanmalar juda kam ishlab chiqilgan bo’lib ularning hammasi umumiy xarakterda
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tayyorlangan. Keyingi vaqtlarda yangi pedagogik texnologiya deb yuritilayotgan
dars o’tishning yangi usullari bo’yicha ko’plab pedagog olimlar o’z asarlarini
yaratdilar.
Birinchidan, insonning obrazli tafakkur qilish qobiliyatini rivojlanishiga,
uning fazoviy tasavvurini qo’zg’aluvchanligiga bo’lgan talablar oshib bormoqda.
Bunday rivojlanishning muvofaqiyati ta’limning mazmuni va o’qitish
metodlarini takomillashtirishga bog’liq.
Ikkinchidan, predmetning fazoviy xususiyati va munosabatlari haqida
axborotlar berish va ularni saqlashda grafik vositalarning roli mislsiz oshib
bormoqda.
O’qituvchi ta’lim berish vazifalarini bajarish bilan birga o’quvchilarga juda
katta tarbiyaviy ta’sir ham ko’rsatadi. Biroq, ta’limning o’quvchiga tarbiyaviy ta’sir
ko’rsatishi o’qituvchining ma’naviy qiyofasiga ham bog’liq bo’ladi. O’qituvchi o’z
o’quvchilarida e’tiqodni tarbiyalar ekan, u birinchi navbatda o’zining e’tiqod
kuchlari bilan ta’sir qiladi.
Odatda har qanday predmet faoliyatining xususiyatiga inson faoliyatining
sharoitlari bilan muvofiqlash nuqtai-nazaridan qaraladi.
Inson mashinalar, mexanizmlar va texnologik jarayonlarning modellari bilan
ish ko’rganda u boshqariluvchi va kuzatuvchi obyektlar haqida ko’proq
informasiyalar olish imkoniyatiga ega bo’ladi.
Agar jamiyat ishlab chiqarish kuchlari rivojlanishining muayyan
bosqichlarida insonning grafikaviy savodi obyektlarining obrazli grafikaviy
modellari bilan ish ko’rish o’quvlari bilan baholangan bo’lsa, hozirgi vaqtga kelib
fazoviy va boshqa masalalarning yechish usulini prinsipial ravishda o’zgartiri bilan
bog’liq bo’lgan obyektlarning abstrakt-simvolik shakldagi modellari bilan ish
ko’rish o’quviga ustunlik bermoqda.
Ilmiy yo‘nalishlarda yangilik va innovatsiya tushunchalari farqlanadi.
YAngilik − bu vositadir: yangi metod, metodika, texnologiya va boshqalar. Tasviriy
san’at mashg‘ulotlari va darslarini yangi pedagogik texnologiyalarda jihozlash
masalalari umumiy pedagogik va metodik adabiyotlarda ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi.
Pedagogik innovatsiyada R.N. YUsufbekova innovatsion jarayon tuzulmasining
uch blokini farqlaydi:
Birinchi blok − pedagogikadagi yanglikni ajratish bloki. Bunga
pedagogikadagi yangi, pedagogik yangilikning tasnifi, yangini yaratish shart-
sharoiti, yangilikning me’yorlari, yangining uni o‘zlashtirish va foydalanishga
tayyorligi, an’ana va novatorlik, pedagogikadagi yangini yaratish bosqichlari kiradi.
Ikkinchi blok − yangini idrok qilish, o‘zlashtirish va baholash bloki:
pedagogik hamjamiyatlar, yangini baholash va uni o‘zlashtirish jarayonlarining
rang-barangligi, pedagogikadagi konservatorlik va novatorlik, innovatsiya muhiti,
pedagogik jamiyatlarning yangini idrok etish va baholashga tayyorligi.
Uchinchi blok − yangidan foydalanish va uni joriy etish bloki, ya’ni yangini
tadbiq etish, foydalanish va keng joriy etish qonuniyatlari va turlaridir.
M.M.Potashnikning innovatsiya jarayonlari talqinlari kishi e’tiborini o‘ziga tortadi.
U innovatsiya jarayonining quyidagi tuzilmasini beradi:
faoliyat tuzilmasi − motiv − maqsad − vazifa − mazmun − shakl −
metodlar − metodika komponentlari yig‘indisi;
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subektiv tuzilma-innovatsion faoliyat subektlarining xalqaro, mintaqaviy,
tuman, shahar va boshqa sathlari;
sathiy tuzilma-innovatsion faoliyat subektlarining xalqaro, mintaqaviy,
shahar va boshqa sathlari;
mazmun tuzilmasi − o‘quv-tarbiyaviy ishlar, boshqaruv (va b.)da
yangilikning paydo bohishi, ishlab chiqilishi va o‘zlashtirilishi;
bosqichlilikka asoslangan hayot davriylik tuzilmasi − yangilikning paydo
bo‘lishi − ildam o‘sish − etuklik − o‘zlashtirish − diffuziya (singib − ketish,
tarqalish) − boyish (to‘yinish) − qoloqlik – inqiroz;
irradiasiya (aldanish) − zamonaviylashtirish;
boshqaruv tuzilmasi − boshqaruv harakatlarining 4 ta tunning o‘zaro
aloqasi: rejalantirish − tashkil etish − rahbarlik qilish − nazorat qilish;
tashkiliy tuzilma − diagnostik, oldindan ktfra bilish, sof tashkiliy, amaliy,
umumlashtiruvchi, tatbiq etuvchi.
Innovatsiya jarayoni tarkibiy tuzilmalar va qonuniyatlanii qamrab olgan
tizimdan iboratdir.
Pedagogikaga oid adabiyotlarda innovatsion jarayoni kechishining 4 ta
asosiy qonuniyati farqlanadi:
pedagogik innovatsiya muhitining ayovsiz bemaromlik qonuni;
nihoyat amalga oshish qonuni;
qoliplashtirish (stereotiplashtirish) qonuni;
pedagogik innovatsiyaning davriy takrorlanishi va qaytishi qonuni.
Nihoyat amalga oshish qonuni yangilikning hayotiyligi bo‘lib, u erta yo
kech, stixiyali yoki ongli ravishda amalga oshadi [2].
Qoliplashtirish (stereotiplashtirisii) qonuni shundan iboratki, unda
pedagogik innovatsiyafikrlashni bir qolipgatushirish vaamaliy harakatga o‘tish
tendensiyasigaegabo‘ladi. Bunday holatda pedagogik qolip (stereotip) qoloqlikka,
boshqa yangiliklarning amalga oshish yo‘liga to‘siq bo‘lishga majbur bo‘ladi.
Pedagogik innovatsiyaning davriy takrorlanishi va qaytishi qonunining
mohiyati shundaki, unda yangilik yangi sharoitlarda qayta tiklanadi.
Pedagogik innovatsiya tadqiqotchilari innovatsiya jarayonining ikki tipini
farqlaydilar
Innovatsiyaning birinchi tipi stixiyali otadi, ya’ni innovatsion jarayonda
unga bo‘lgan ehtiyoj hisobga olinmaydi, uni amalga oshirishning barcha shart
sharoitlari tizimi, usullari va yo‘llariga ongli munosabat bo‘lmaydi.
Innovatsiyaning ikkinchi tipi ongli, maqsadga muvofiq, ilmiy asoslangan
faoliyat mahsulidir.
Oliy maktabdagi innovatsion jarayonlar V.A. Slastenin, M.M. Levina,
M.YA. Vilenskiy va boshqalar tomonidan tadqiq qilingan.
Oliy maktab innovatsion jarayonlari negizida quyidagi yondashuvlarni
belgilash mumkin:
madaniyatshunoslik jihatidan (insonni bilishning ustuvor rivojlanishi)
yondashuv;
shaxsiy faoliyat jihatidan (ta ‘limdagi yangi texnologiyalar) yondashuv;
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ko‘p subektli (dialogik) yondashuv, ya’ni kasbiy tayyorgarlikni
insonparvarlashtirish;
individual − ijodiy (o‘qituvchi va talabalarning o‘zaro munosabatlari
asosida) yondashuv.
Oliy maktabda innovatsion faoliyatning subekti o‘qituvchi va uning shaxsiy
imkoniyati hisoblanadi. Bunda o‘qituvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy − madaniy,
intellektual va axloqiy imkoniyaatlari yuksak ahamiyatga molik bo‘ladi.
S.M. Godninning ishlarida talabaning shaxsiy xislatlari pedagogik
jarayonning subekti sfatida yoritiladi. Unga quyidagilarni kiritadi: o‘qitishning
hozirgi va kelgusi bosqichlari uchun qabul qilingan o‘quv - taibiya jarayonining
maqsadi, vazifasi va ko‘rsatmalarini anglav bilish: intellektual mehnatning asosini
tashkil qilgan. Tasviriy san’at darslariga ham bunday yangi pedagogik
texnologiyalar asosini qo‘llash imkoniyatlari mavjud [3].
Tasviriy san’at darslarini tashkiliy jihozlanishi ham pedagogikada
ko‘rsatilganidek turli tuman bo‘lishi mumkin. Partalarni sinf xonasiga joylashtirish.
Tez-tez ularning joylarini almashtirib turish. Har bir o‘quvchiga erkin harakat
qilishlari uchun sharoit yaratilishiga harakat qilishlardir.
Tasviriy san’at ta’limida yangi pedagogik texnologiya, pedagogik jarayonni
ifodalab, nafaqat uning didaktik qo‘rilmasiga, balki o‘qituvchining ijtimoiy
mohiyatli natijalari va ruhiy tayyorgarligiga ham taluqlidir. Pedagogik texnologiya
ochiqlikni, boshqalar fikrining tan olinishini bildiradi. O‘qituvchining innovatsion
faoliyati turli xildagi qarashlarning to‘qnashuvi va o‘zaro boyitilishi dinamikasida
amalga oshishini ko‘zda tutadi.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YXATI
1.
Saidahmedov N. Yangi pedagogik texnologiyalar (nazariya va
amaliyot). − Toshkent: Moliya nashriyati. 2003.
2.
Saidahmedov N. Pedagogik amaliyotda yangi texnologiyalarni qo’llash
namunalari. − Toshkent: RTM. 2000.
3.
R. Xasaonov. Tasviriy san’atni o’qitish metodikasidan amaliy
mashg'ulotlar. 2-qism T.: 2006, 94 b.
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УДК 42:410
Каримбердиева Азиза, Бахритдинова Нодира
(Самарканд,Узбекистан)
«USING MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY IN LANGUAGE LEARNING
AND TEACHING»
«We tend to overestimate the effect of a technology in the
short run and underestimate the effect in the long run».
Roy Amara*
*Roy Amara (1925 − 2007) was a researcher, scientist, and past president
of the Institute for the Future. Born in Boston in 1925, he has also worked at
Stanford Research Institute. Source: Wikipedia.
One of the techniques to improving the student’s meets the academic needs
and helps them developing English language skills is providing multimedia during
the process of teaching and learning in the classroom. Multimedia classroom
provide the students chances for interacting with diverse texts that give them a solid
background in the tasks and content of mainstream college courses. The writing
aims to find out some advantages of the use of multimedia in the classroom. Also,
the involvement of technology in the classroom cannot denied giving positive point
to improving the quality of teaching and giving more various techniques in teaching
a foreign language. The research uses a qualitative method giving a deeply
description using multimedia in the classroom. The difference between a traditional
classroom and multimedia classroom has been drawn in this writing. The writing
shows that there are some advantages in teaching English using multimedia as a
technique in teaching process in the classroom. Through the media the teacher
could give more opportunity to students to express their opinions and enjoy during
the classes. The highly presence and motivation also bring positive aspects to
students so that they can improve their skills.
Key words: Technology, Innovation, PowerPoint Presentation, Software,
Google Apps, multimedia technology, teaching models, significant advances, power
devices, powerful mechanism.
Traditional language teaching has been changed with duties given by new
era. Development of new technologies like multimedia technology, internet and
computer using has had an enormous impact on the world of education. That is why
technology is increasingly being promulgated as a powerful mechanism which can
transform education. With rapid growth of science and technology, using technology
and internet in language teaching has created a favorable context for reforming and
exploring language teaching models in new age.
Technology is a critical driver of participatory and active learning, but
striking the right balance between outside tools, videos, demonstrations, and
traditional composition books, pens, paper, and lots of discussion is what most
students want.
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Technology in academia has already made some significant advances
regarding smarter classrooms, improved wireless communications, faster and more
secure networks, as well as advanced video rich learning management systems.
There is no doubt; technology will play an increasing and evermore-
important role in every aspect of college and university life. Technology provides so
many options as it makes teaching interesting and productive, plays a positive role in
improving activities and initiatives of students and teaching effect in the classrooms.
Teachers can use these technologies to create more colorful and stimulating
language classes. Technology and language teaching have gone hand to hand for a
long time and contributed as teaching tools in the language classrooms.
Using multimedia technology and internet in language teaching can be
effective in cultivating student’s interest in learning languages. These new
technologies, help with audio, visual and animation effects, motivates students to
learn quickly and effectively.
Multimedia teaching provides a platform for communication between
teachers and students. Multimedia should be a method to assist teachers to convey
knowledge as well as a cognitive tool to create situations for students for
coordinative and active learning. Teachers should choose topic with temporal spirit
and interest and closely related to student’s interest to emphasize key points and
difficult points in order to deepen student’s understanding of knowledge.
Development in multimedia has caused great changes in foreign language
teaching content. Teachers must integrate class teaching materials and display the
Same teaching content with a variety of information under help of
multimedia. Teachers can also turn to multimedia to design some activities
promoting students to associate new knowledge with old one, improving interactions
between teachers and students. Students can retell texts or key paragraphs based on
pictures, to construct sentences with new words, to have intellectual competitions,
knowledge competitions based on texts and so on.
Technology creates a positive environment for the classroom activities such
as group discussion, subject discussion and debates, which can offer more
opportunities for communication among students and between teachers and students.
Technology encourages student’s positive thinking and communication skills in
learning languages.
Teachers can show pictures and images of native speaking situations to
enrich the sharing of information effectively. They also imagine different contexts
while preparing for the lesson. In the similar way, using multimedia or internet in
the class can receive information about the language clearly. These techniques make
classes lively and interesting, motivating students to participate in the classroom
activities.
Technology also affords learners the opportunity to record themselves for
playback at a later time. The ability to listen and play back recordings helps
identification of grammatical errors and inaccuracy in pronunciation, encouraging
self-improvement.
Internet can be a rich source of authentic oral models via recorded songs,
talking electronic books, podcasts and video clips that help learners with
pronunciation as well as acquisition and reinforcement of new vocabulary.
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