Минералогический состав пигментов
Методы исследования: рентгеновская дифрактометрия, рентгенофлуоресцентный
спектральный анализ
Цвет краски
Минерал, формула
Ориентировочное
содержание, %
красный
Кварц SiO
2
Слюда,2[K
2
Al
4
(Si
6
Al
2
O
20
)(OH, F)
4
]
Киноварь, HgCl
2
Полевой шпат, NaAlSi
3
O
8
∼
43
∼
3
∼
52
∼
2
синий
Кварц SiO
2
Азурит, 2[Cu
3
(CO
3
)
2
(OH)
2
]
Полевой шпат, NaAlSi
3
O
8
Fe2S2O9·5H2O
∼
50
∼
45
∼
5
Возможная примесь
оранжевый
Кварц SiO
2
Слюда,2[K
2
Al
4
(Si
6
Al
2
O
20
)(OH, F)
4
]
Тремолит, 2[Ca
2
Mg
5
Si
8
O
22
(OH, F)
2
]
Гипс, 8[CaSO
4
⋅
2H
2
O]
Каолинит, 2[Al
2
Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4
]
Полевой шпат, NaAlSi
3
O
8
∼
33
∼
2
∼
41
∼
1
∼
19
∼
4
бежевый
Кварц SiO
2
Слюда,2[K
2
Al
4
(Si
6
Al
2
O
20
)(OH, F)
4
]
Тремолит, 2[Ca
2
Mg
5
Si
8
O
22
(OH, F)
2
]
Гипс, 8[CaSO
4
⋅
2H
2
O]
Каолинит, 2[Al
2
Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4
]
Полевой шпат, NaAlSi
3
O
8
Кальцит, CaCO
3
Калиевый полевой шпат, KalSi
3
O
8
∼
44
∼
4
∼
19
∼
2
∼
22
∼
2
∼
4
∼
3
Жирный шрифт - пигменты
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РАННЕСАКСКАЯ ШИЛИКТИНСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА
Исследование связующего краски
Метод исследования – ИК-Фурье-спектроскопия
Фото 63. FTIR-спектр связующего краски
Фото 64. Сравнительный анализ FTIR -спектров:
______ связующее краски
______
животный клей
______
полиэтиленгликоль
Заключение: связующее – животный клей, возможно, рыбий
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8. Компьютерная
реконструкция кургана
(архитектор
Шадьяров А.С.)
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РАННЕСАКСКАЯ ШИЛИКТИНСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА
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9. Результаты радиоуглеродных и дендрохронологических
исследований
(Слюсаренко И., Новосибирск, И. Панушкина, США)
Cambridge University Press
CALENDAR AGE OF THE BAIGETOBE KURGAN FROM THE IRON AGE SAKA
CEMETERY IN SHILIKTY VALLEY, KAZAKHSTAN
1
Irina P Panyushkina
1*
•
Igor Y Slyusarenko
2
•
Renato Sala
3
•
Jean-Marc Deom
3
•
2
Abdesh T Toleubayev
4
Q2
3
1
Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
4
2
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Lavrentiev Ave.,
5
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
6
3
Laboratory of Geoarchaeology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050038,
7
Kazakhstan.
8
4
Department of Archaeology and Ethnology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty
9
050038, Kazakhstan.
10
ABSTRACT. This study addresses development of an absolute chronology for prominent burial sites of Inner Asian
11
nomadic cultures. We investigate Saka archaeological wood from a well-known gold-filled Baigetobe kurgan (burial
12
mound #1 of Shilikty-3 cemetery) to estimate its calendar age using tree-ring and
14
C dating. The Saka was the
13
southernmost tribal group of Asian Scythians, who roamed Central Asia during the 1st millennium BC (Iron Age).
14
The Shilikty is a large burial site located in the Altai Mountains along the border between Kazakhstan and China.
15
We present a new floating tree-ring chronology of larch and five new
14
C dates from the construction timbers of the
16
Baigetobe kurgan. The results of Bayesian modeling suggest the age of studied timbers is ~730–690 cal BC. This
17
places the kurgan in early Scythian time and authenticates a previously suggested age of the Baigetobe gold collection
18
between the 8th and 7th centuries BC derived from the typology of grave goods and burial rites. Chronologically and
19
stylistically, the Scythian Animal Style gold from the Baigetobe kurgan is closer to Early Scythians in the North
20
Caucasus and Tuva than to the local Saka occurrences in the Kazakh Altai. Our dating results indicate that the Bai-
21
getobe kurgan was nearly contemporaneous to the Arjan-2 kurgan (Tuva) and could be one of the earliest kurgans of
22
the Saka-Scythian elite in Central Asia.
23
KEYWORDS: tree-ring dating, radiocarbon dating, chronology of Scythian antiquity, archaeological timbers,
24
Eurasian Steppe, Chilikta, Altai Mountains.
25
INTRODUCTION
26
Recent international effort to map and survey burial sites of ancient nomadic cultures in Inner
27
Asia, supported by UNESCO and other intergovernmental organizations, has fundamentally
28
improved our knowledge about the spatial distribution and the size of the Siberian Scythian
29
burial occurrences in the Altai-Sayan Mountains (Bourgeois and Gheyle 2008), a region of
30
common borders of Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia, and China. However, the uncertainties
31
arising from the ambiguities of the Siberian Scythian chronology prevent the chronological
32
assignment of most prominent assemblages of archaeological sites. This considerably obviates
33
our understanding of Inner Asia prehistory during the Iron Age and Scythian Antiquity in
34
particular. Radiocarbon is the main dating method for estimation of absolute age of the
35
scattered burials numbering in the many thousands, but the calibration of
14
C dates
36
for 800–400 BC lying on the Hallstatt plateau of the
14
C calibration curve is exceedingly
37
challenging (van der Plicht 2004).
38
The chronology of Siberian Scythian antiquity has been indisputably advanced over the last
39
2 decades by merging floating tree-ring records of burials with
14
C tree-ring wiggle-matching.
40
Archaeological timbers are often well preserved in the frozen tombs (or kurgans) of Siberian
41
Scythians. With the availability of tree rings, the precision of calibrated dates and the age
42
relationship of kurgan improves significantly (Zaitseva et al. 2005; Stark et al. 2012;
43
Panyushkina et al. 2013). The most significant breakthrough in the absolute dating of Siberian
44
Scythian kurgans occurred a few years ago in the Russian and Mongolian parts of Altai-Sayan
45
region. Multinational efforts over the last 2 decades to bridge tree rings of archaeological and
*Corresponding author. Email: ipanyush@email.arizona.edu
Radiocarbon
, 2016, p. 1–11
DOI:10.1017/RDC.2015.15
© 2016 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona
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remnant wood resulted in an overlap of a 2367-yr tree-ring record of remnant larch from the
46
Tuva (360 BC–AD 2007) with Siberian Scythian tree-ring records of the Pazyryk culture from
47
Mongolia and the Russian Altai (Myglan et al. 2012). This unprecedented dating success not
48
only established the first absolute calendar dates of 35 kurgans from 11 burial fields, but most
49
importantly demonstrated only a 1-yr deviation between the calendar dates derived from the
50
tree-ring dating and from tree-ring
14
C wiggle-matching conducted on the same tree-ring
51
materials.
52
Nevertheless, absolute dating of Asian Scythian burial sites in the Chinese and Kazakh sectors
53
of the Altai Mountains, which still employs single
14
C dates, is presently lagging. Even for
54
excavations reporting an abundant amount of kurgan timbers, it is extremely difficult to
55
access these wooden artifacts. The first and only published case study of Saka tree rings in
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Kazakhstan presents successfully explored archaeological timbers of the Bes Shatyr necropolis
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(Panyushkina et al. 2013). In order to accurately define spatial-temporal correspondence of the
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Siberian, Asian, and European Scythians and to connect the Scythian archaeology to literary
59
narratives of Eurasian history, a more energetic effort to obtain and analyze the Saka tree rings
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for absolute dating is needed.
61
In this study, we explore tree rings of Saka timbers from the Kazakh Altai in order to
62
(1) determine calendar age of the Baigetobe kurgan at the Shilikty burial site using tree-ring
63
dating and
14
C wiggle-matching, and (2) resolve chronological uncertainties of this prominent
64
Saka site pending since 1965, when 14C dating was applied to the Shilikty wood for the
65
first time.
66
Archaeological Site
67
The Shilikty burial site, referred to in Russian literature as the Shilikty Valley with coordinates
68
of 43°33
′N and 78°17′E, is located on floodplains of the Chilik River draining the Tarbagatay
69
Range at the junction of state borders between China (Xinjiang) and Kazakhstan (Figure 1).
70
The Tarbagatay Range is the headwaters of the Irtysh River—the main tributary of the Ob
71
River flowing from south to north in western Siberia. This is one of the most important burial
72
sites of Saka tribes, comparable to key burial assemblages of the Siberian Scythians from the
73
Pazyryk Valley in the Russian Altai, the Uyuk Valley in Tuva, and the Salbyk Valley in
74
Khakasia.
75
The Shilikty Valley has an enduring history of exploration that can be traced back to 1869 when
76
Siberian newspapers reported to the public about monumental human-made “pyramids”
77
scattered along the Chilik River. In 1902–1903, the Shilikty Valley was surveyed and 72 clusters
Figure 1 Location of the Shilikty burial site in the Altai Mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan (left map) and
view of the Baigetobe kurgan during excavation with wooden chamber in the middle of kurgan (right photo).
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of large kurgans recorded. The first excavation endeavor at the Shilikty site took place in
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1909–1910 (Chernikov 1965) but was not successful. Much later, in 1949, the East Kazakhstan
79
Expedition (EKE) of Saint Petersburg’s Institute of Archaeology (Leningrad at the time)
80
launched the first research program directed by S S Chernikov to study the burial valley
81
scientifically (Chernikov 1951).
82
Archaeological surveys of Shilikty Valley carried out by the EKE documented over 200 early
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nomadic burials organized in five large cemeteries comprising mostly large and mid-size
84
kurgans. The largest kurgans are ~100 m in diameter and 8–10 m in height. A total of 45 large
85
kurgans, designated as elite kurgans, were located in the central part of the Shilikty Valley.
86
Along with 75 other kurgans associated with the Saka culture, these burial assemblages form
87
the core of the site. The most common size of kurgans is 20–60 m in diameter and 2–5 m height.
88
It is interesting that the Shilikty Valley has no small kurgans, which are usually categorized by
89
diameters of 10–15 m and recognized as the typical kurgan size of burial sites in the Tarbagatay
90
Range and adjacent areas, including the Semirechye (or Jitasu), which is another significant
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burial location of the ancient nomadic landscape. The largest Shilikty burial, cemetery-1,
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encompasses 57 kurgans organized within an 8-km-long and 1-km-wide zone. Other cemeteries
93
comprise 30–40 kurgans. Such a high density of elite kurgans is a very rare phenomenon, not
94
only for Inner Asia but the entire Scythian world.
95
Kurgan excavations at the Shilikty Valley between 1949 and 1971 represent the fundamental
96
research of this site (Chernikov 1951, 1964, 1965). It is during this time that the typological
97
chronology of Saka burials was established and the burial rites of early Saka nomads were
98
defined, which is now considered the classical description of the Saka tradition in Central Asia.
99
In some respect, the most striking feature of the nomadic burial rite at the Shilikty site is that
100
there were no horses and ceramics inside the kurgans. The large kurgans had no grave pit, but
101
rather the human bodies were placed in a roughly made two-log-high wooden chamber
102
standing at ground-level surface and covered with crushed rocks and clay. Numerous additional
103
logs were used to shape and enforce the pyramid-like profile above the chamber, which was
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finally covered with regolith and rocks and shaped in a rounded kurgan (Figure 1). With regard
105
to dating, the Saka archaeological chronology relies on typology of Animal Style gold and
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bronze arrowheads (Chernikov 1965). The first sensational finding of golden art at the Shilikty
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Valley occurred in 1960 during excavations of kurgan #5 (cemetery-1), which comprised
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524 golden pieces with a total mass of 100 g. The archaeological age of the Shilikty Valley of
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700–600 BC proposed by Chernikov (1964) has yet to be challenged.
110
Baigetobe Kurgan
111
The second extraordinary discovery of Scythian golden art in the Shilikty Valley was made
112
more recently. In 2003, the Shilikty Expedition of Al Faraby Kazakh National University
113
directed by A T Toleubayev excavated 4303 golden pieces decorating a postmortem costume of
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a buried body from kurgan #1 of the Shilikty-3 cemetery (Toleubayev 2013). This was the
115
largest elite kurgan of Shilikty-3 cemetery, with dimensions of 99 m in diameter and 7.9 m high
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(equivalent to a 3-story building). Back then, the kurgan was called Chilikta #1 but was later
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renamed after its local name, the Baigetobe, which translates from the Kazakh language as the
118
Hill of Horse Racing. Additionally, the spelling of the cemetery and site has been changed from
119
Chilikta to the now widely accepted spelling Shilikty. The content of the burial mound was
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robbed in antiquity as were many other elite and large kurgans in the valley. But even the scant
121
remaining contents demonstrate the exquisite artistry of Saka culture and far-reaching value of
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the burial goods (Figure 2). The Baigetobe gold collection stands out for its high gold purity
Calendar Age of the Baigetobe
Q1
Kurgan from the Iron Age Saka Cemetery 3
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(fineness of 93–97%) and cast metal, which differed from the golden foil mounted over carved
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wood or bone common in the Pazyryk culture (Siberian Scythians) (Toleubayev 2011). In part,
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the designs of Animal Style gold from the Baigetobe have no equivalents in the Saka-Scythian
125
realm, highlighting the early state of this nomadic culture and some degree of its segregation.
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Most archaeologists agree that the golden pieces found decorating a dress were likely worn
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during the owner’s life and added for the burial function (Toleubayev 2011), and it is very
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unusual. In contrast to gold relics, the kurgan architecture and construction materials are found
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to be identical to other elite kurgans of the Shilikty Valley and other parts of Kazakhstan. The
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importance of the Baigetobe kurgan is currently unmatched in the Saka archeology and its
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burial characteristics have no local and Central Asian prototypes, but rather are more closely
132
linked to the rest of the Scythian world.
133
METHODS AND MATERIALS
134
Burial construction timbers from the Baigetobe kurgan (Shilikty-3 cemetery, kurgan #1) were
135
collected in 2003 from ongoing excavations led by A Toleubayev. Later, in 2013, more samples
136
of the kurgan timbers were cut from logs archived at the Al Farabi Kazakh National University
137
in Almaty. In this study, we used a total of seven cross-sections cut from long logs 25–35 cm in
138
diameter (Table 1). The timber logs were part of inner-wall structure of the barrow supporting a
139
pyramid-like mound of crushed rocks and clay (Figure 1).
140
Wood samples were prepared and analyzed at the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (LTRR)
141
and
14
C measured at the NSF-AMS Facility of the University of Arizona. Tree-ring widths
142
from sanded cross-sections were measured on a LINTAB measurement system (0.01 mm
143
precision) and crossdated visually with TSAP software (Rinn 2003). Crossdating results were
144
checked with correlation analysis using the COFECHA program (Holmes 1983). Ten-year
145
groups of crossdated tree rings from two cross-sections were subsampled for
14
C dating. The
146
wood samples were ground and cleaned using conventional methods to remove possible
147
contamination, and
α-cellulose was extracted by sodium chlorite bleaching at pH 3 at the
148
LTRR (Leavitt and Danzer 1993). Combustion of the cellulose to C0
2
and production of
149
graphite powder were done using standard procedures routinely applied at the University of
150
Arizona AMS laboratory (Jull et al. 2008).
14
C/
13
C ratios were measured with a standard
151
deviation of ~0.5% on an IONEX 2.5MV AMS machine. The OxCal v 4.2 program (Bronk
152
Ramsey 2009) and IntCal13 calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2013) were used for modeling the
153
calendar ages of
14
C measurements from the tree rings.
Figure 2 Example of gold and turquoise plaques decorating a Saka funeral costume from the Baigetobe
kurgan. Left: a standing argali, mountain goat. Right: two mirrored heads of argali holding a bird.
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RESULTS
154
Tree-Ring Dating of Baigetobe Timbers
155
Wood anatomy analysis indicates that burial timbers are larch (Larix sibirica). The preservation of
156
archaeological wood varies greatly. Although each sample has pith and sapwood, inner rings
157
decayed in many places (so-called “cheese wood”). Some samples have completely lost the outer
158
rings but others retain them. Seven tree-ring width series were developed from seven cross-sections
159
with lengths ranging from 108 to 178 yr (Table 1). The series overlap into a 178-yr tree-ring floating
160
chronology with an intercorrelation coefficient of 0.7 (Figure 3). The wood tree-ring dating is not
161
easy even though the tree-ring width variance is high and average sensitivity is above 0.3. The series
162
have a few missing rings, which are partly the result of wood decay. The chronology has 15 absent
163
rings, which is 1.4% of the total number of crossdated rings. Ring #114 was found in only one tree
164
sample (CH4), and the rest of the missing rings are present in at least four samples (about 60%).
165
The crossdating results suggest that the studied timbers were most likely harvested in a single
166
year but over the course of the entire growing season. Five out of seven trees have the same
167
cutting dates. The cutting dates of the other two trees are missing because of wood rot and
168
weathering, and their outer rings date 21 and 22 yr prior the date of the five other trees. The
169
outermost rings associated with the cutting date have earlywood only, or either incomplete
170
latewood or complete rings, which suggests wood harvesting throughout the larch growth
171
season (May–September). Overall, the developed 178-yr chronology could be used for cross-
172
dating of other larch timbers from the burial site, although we would recommend collecting as
173
much wood as possible for tree-ring dating.
174
Radiocarbon Dating of Baigetobe Timbers
175
We measured five
14
C ages of crossdated tree rings from two tree samples: CH3 and CH5
176
(Table 2). The
14
C date of outer rings from sample CH5 calibrates between 1830 and 1660 cal
177
BC (95.4%), which appears to be too old. Surprisingly, this date falls near the same interval of
178
the Bronze Age as the anomalous Chernikov
14
C date run on wood of Saka kurgan #35 from
179
the same cemetery back in 1965 (Dolukhanov et al. 1970). This date is very baffling because the
180
correlation coefficient between the tree-ring width series CH3 and CH5 is significant and very
181
high (R
159
= 0.85). It is unlikely that the much older
14
C age of sample CH5 could be attributed
182
to contamination rather than to the reservoir effect.
183
Four other
14
C dates of sample CH3 calibrated individually between 860 and 400 cal BC
184
(95.4%) regardless of the precision of
14
C measurements and tree-ring crossdated position,
Table 1 Summary of archaeological wood samples used in the tree-ring study of the Baigetobe
kurgan.
Collection
Sample
lab ID
Nr of
rings
Radius,
cm
Missing rings
Mean
sensitivity
Correlation coefficient
with master chronology
2005
CH1
125
10
#102, 114, 139
0.38
0.59
CH2
108
10
#92, 102, 114, 149 0.39
0.42
CH3
159
13
#114
0.38
0.80
CH4
178
16
#14, 102, 139, 149 0.43
0.66
CH5
175
13
#114
0.28
0.78
2013
CH6
159
15
#114
0.33
0.80
CH7
158
14
#114
0.36
0.85
Calendar Age of the Baigetobe
Q1
Kurgan from the Iron Age Saka Cemetery 5
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which make the kurgan age estimation problematic (Figure 4). Once again, the Hallstatt
185
plateau of the calibration curve confounds the
14
C dates during the 1st millennium BC and
186
obscures the
14
C dating of Saka kurgans in the Altai Mountains (van der Plicht 2004;
187
Panyushkina et al. 2013). Nevertheless, because these four dates are from sequential crossdated
188
tree rings over a ~90-yr interval (Table 2), we employ Bayesian modeling to improve the
189
interpretation of the calibration results.
14
C wiggle-matching (Bronk Ramsey et al. 2001) of the
190
four CH3 dates yields high agreement indexes (>89–110%) for most of the dates (Figure 5).
191
Only one date (3CH3) has poor correspondence with the sequenced group (agreement index
192
1.2%), but elimination of this one does not change the calibration results much. The Bayesian
193
modeling estimates the calibrated age of sample CH3 between 840–770 cal BC (95.4%) and
194
730–690 cal BC (2.7%) or 840–770 cal BC (95.4%) and 600–400 cal BC (89.9%). Careful
195
consideration of the 90-yr tree-ring range of
14
C wiggles and the range of
14
C measurements
196
with the highest agreement index (1CH3 and 4CH3) suggest the most probable age of Baigetobe
197
kurgan is about 730–690 cal BC (Figure 6). This calibration result convincingly demonstrates
198
that a single
14
C date from a piece of Saka archaeological wood is not reliable for estimating
199
calendar age of the Asian Scythia monuments.
200
DISCUSSION
201
Chronology of the Shilikty Valley
202
Archaeological dating assigns the age of the Baigetobe kurgan between the early 8th and mid-
203
7th centuries BC based on the typology of grave goods (Toleubayev 2011). Earlier
14
C dating of
204
the Baigetobe wood dates the kurgan to the interval 770–430 cal BC (Toleubayev 2011;
205
Table 2). Our
14
C dating results refine and focus the suggested date to ~730–690 BC. At the
206
Shilikty Valley, there is no other reasonable radiometric dating result to suggest the relative
207
span of the burial site construction. The only other 14C date for the Shilikty Valley chronology
208
comes from kurgan #5 cemetery-1 excavated by Chernikov (in Dolukhanov et al. 1970). The
209
date was rejected and the kurgan age is estimated between the 7th and 6th centuries with the
210
arrowhead and Animal Style art typology (Chernikov 1965). Middle-sized kurgan #7 from
211
Chernikov’s excavations at cemetery-1 is dated to the late 5th century BC from the burial goods
212
(Chernikov 1951). The rest of the excavated kurgans have a much lower number of diagnostic
213
burial goods, but the funeral tradition certainly resembles the Early Saka. Currently there are
214
no archaeological data to determine the age of four other cemeteries (2, 4–6) or the final age of
Figure 3 Cross-dated tree-ring width series (top) and number of tree
samples (bottom) developed from the Baigetobe kurgan timers.
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РАННЕСАКСКАЯ ШИЛИКТИНСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА
the cemetery’s construction. Seemingly, the age of excavated kurgans at the Shilikty Valley
215
ranges between 730 and 500 BC, bracketing the Early Saka in the region. Possibly, our dating
216
results establish the onset of cemetery-3 or the entire Shilikty Valley development because the
217
Baigetobe is one of the largest and most important kurgans in the group and so far at the site.
218
Cemetery-1 could be a century younger or contemporaneous.
Figure 4 Results of individual calibrated
14
C dates measured on the
tree rings of tree CH3. Probability distribution (shaded area) is
plotted against the IntCal13 calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2013).
The bars under the probability distribution show the ranges at 68.2%
and 95.4%.
Figure 5 Calibration results of
14
C wiggle-matching of four-point
sequence from the CH3 tree rings. The gray-shaded probability
distributions represent individual calibrated dates and the black-shaded
probability distributions show the modeled calibrated dates using the
Bayesian method. The bars under the probability distribution show
95.4% range. “A” is the agreement index.
8 I P Panyushkina et al.
Table
2
Summary
of
14
C
measuremen
ts
on
the
Shilikty
timbers.
*
Date
published
in
Dolukhanov
et
al.
(1970)
from
excavation
s
of
Chernikov
(1965).
**Date
published
in
Toleubay
ev
(2011)
and
measured
in
the
Radiocarbon
Laborator
y
of
Kiev
State
University,
Ukraine.
Cemetery,
kurgan
Tree-ring
lab
ID
AMS
lab
ID
δ
13
C(
‰
)1
σ
14
C
age
BP
with
error
cal
yr
BC,
2σ
Cemetery-1,
Kurgan
35
n/a
*LE-535
n/a
3360
±
130
1980
–
1390
Cemetery-3,
Baigetobe
kurgan
CH5:
Ring
#165
–
174
AA69234
–
23
±
0.6
3442
±
35
1830
–
1660
**Inner
rings
n/a
n/a
2590
±
40
830
–
750
**Outer
rings
n/a
n/a
2470
±
45
770
–
430
1CH3
Ring
#61-70
AA103444
–
22.2
±
0.7
2624
±
33
840
–
770
2CH3
Ring
#71-80
AA103445
–
24.3
±
0.7
2470
±
34
770
–
470
3CH3
Ring
#81-90
AA103446
–
22.5
±
0.7
2647
±
34
860
–
790
4CH3
Ring
#149-158
AA69235
–
21.5
±
0.7
2424
±
39
590
–
400
Calendar Age of the Baigetobe
Q1
Kurgan from the Iron Age Saka Cemetery 7
Archaeological
Library
of
Kazakhstan
497
РАННЕСАКСКАЯ ШИЛИКТИНСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА
Age Correspondence of the Baigetobe Kurgan with other Scythian Monuments
219
The Asian Scythian sites scattered across Central Asia belong to various chronological and cultural
220
phases of the Iron Age. With the current state of absolute Scythian chronology, the temporal-
221
spatial patterns of the ethno-cultural landscape in the Scythian Antiquity are far from being clear.
222
The regional radiometric chronology of Saka kurgans in southern Kazakhstan published by
223
Dolukhanov et al. (1970) and later updated by Zaitzeva et al. (2005) indicates an extremely low
224
number of
14
C dates in comparison with the number of
14
C dates for the European and
225
Siberian Scythians. Material dating is the most common means of age estimation for thousands of
226
burial occurrences in Central Asia. As mentioned earlier, the gold collection of Shilikty is quite
227
unique; the closest analogue of the Animal Style designs emanates from the European Scythian
228
kurgans including the Kelermes, the Kostromskoy, the Tomakovskiy and other early Iron Age
229
kurgans dated to the 7th–6th centuries BC in the North Caucasus region (Chernikov 1964; Meyer
230
2013). Additionally, some technical characteristics and few stylistic images of the Shilikty gold (e.g.
231
boar and fish) are similar to gold collection of the Arjan-2 kurgan, the legendary intact kurgan of
232
Early Siberian Scythians to the northeast of the Altai-Sayan region in Tuva, Russia (
Čugunov et al.
233
2010).
234
The architecture and construction technology of the Baigetobe kurgan appear more compar-
235
able at the local (Shilikty Valley) and regional (Central Asia) scales. Large kurgans from
236
the Shilikty Valley (cemetery-1; Chernikov 1965), the Ili River Valley at the Semirachye
237
(Bes Shatyr site; Akishev and Kushaev 1963) and the Syr Darya Delta near the Aral Sea
Modelled date (BC)
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