Xxii республикалық студенттер мен жас ғалымдардың ғылыми конференция материалдары

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2.3. Middle English (1100-1500) 
In 1066 William the Conqueror, the 
Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), 
invaded and conquered England. The new 
conquerors (called the Normans) brought with 
them a kind of French, which became the 
language of the Royal Court, and the ruling 
and business classes. For a period there was a 
kind of linguistic class division, where the 
lower classes spoke English and the upper 
classes spoke French. In the 14th century 
English became dominant in Britain again, but 
with many French words added. This language 
is called Middle English. It was the language 
of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it 
would still be difficult for native English 
speakers to understand.
2.4. Early Modern English (1500-1800)
Towards the end of Middle English, a 
sudden and distinct change in pronunciation 
started, with vowels being pronounced shorter 
and shorter. From the 16th century the British 
had contact with many peoples from around 
the world. This, and the Renaissance of 
Classical learning, meant that many new words 
and phrases entered the language. The 
invention of printing also meant that there was 
now a common language in print. Books 
became cheaper and more people learned to 
read. Printing also brought standardization to 
English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, 
and the dialect of London, where most 
publishing houses were, became the standard. 
In 1604 the first English dictionary was published. 

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