DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ SPEAKING AND PRONUNCIATION SKILLS
NURYMBEK A.E.-Master's student of Shymkent University
Master teacher, NAKIPBEKOVA Z. O.
Мақалада ағылшын тілін оқытудың жаңа әдістері талқыланады. Ауызша және
аудиториялық сөйлеуді қабылдаудың тиімді әдістері.
Communicative and whole language instructional approaches promote integration of
speaking, listening, reading, and writing in ways that reflect natural language use. But
opportunities for speaking and listening require structure and planning if they are to support
language development. This digest describes what speaking involves and what good speakers do
in the process of expressing themselves. It also presents an outline for creating an effective
speaking lesson and for assessing learners' speaking skills. Oral communication skills in adult
ESL instruction.
Outside the classroom, listening is used twice as often as speaking, which in turn is used
twice as much as reading and writing . Inside the classroom, speaking and listening are the most
often used skills . They are recognized as critical for functioning in an English language context,
both by teachers and by learners. These skills are also logical instructional starting points when
learners have low literacy levels (in English or their native language) or limited formal education,
or when they come from language backgrounds with a non-Roman script or a predominantly oral
tradition. Further, with the drive to incorporate workforce readiness skills into adult EFL
instruction, practice time is being devoted to such speaking skills as reporting, negotiating,
clarifying, and problem solving .
Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and
receiving and processing information . Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in
which it occurs, including the participants themselves, their collective experiences, the physical
environment, and the purposes for speaking. It is often spontaneous, open-ended, and evolving.
However, speech is not always unpredictable. Language functions (or patterns) that tend to recur
in certain discourse situations (e.g., declining an invitation or requesting time off from work), can
be identified and charted . For example, when a salesperson asks "May I help you?" the expected
discourse sequence includes a statement of need, response to the need, offer of appreciation,
acknowledgement of the appreciation, and a leave-taking exchange. Speaking requires that
learners not only know how to produce specific points of language such as grammar,
pronunciation, or vocabulary (linguistic competence), but also that they understand when, why,
and in what ways to produce language (sociolinguistic competence). Finally, speech has its own
skills, structures, and conventions different from written language . A good speaker synthesizes
this array of skills and knowledge to succeed in a given speech act.
What a good speaker does A speaker's skills and speech habits have an impact on the
success of any exchange Speakers must be able to anticipate and then produce the expected
patterns of specific discourse situations. They must also manage discrete elements such as turn-
taking, rephrasing, providing feedback, or redirecting .For example, a learner involved in the
exchange with the salesperson described previously must know the usual pattern that such an
interaction follows and access that knowledge as the exchange progresses. The learner must also
choose the correct vocabulary to describe the item sought, rephrase or emphasize words to clarify
the description if the clerk does not understand, and use appropriate facial expressions to indicate
satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the service. Other skills and knowledge that instruction might
address include the following: producing the sounds, stress patterns, rhythmic structures, and
intonations of the language;
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Selecting vocabulary that is understandable and appropriate for the audience, the topic
being discussed, and the setting in which the speech act occurs; applying strategies to enhance
comprehensibility, such as emphasizing key words, rephrasing, or checking for listener
comprehension; using gestures or body language; and paying attention to the success of the
interaction and adjusting components of speech such as vocabulary, rate of speech, and
complexity of grammar structures to maximize listener comprehension and involvement .
Teachers should monitor learners' speech production to determine what skills and knowledge
they already have and what areas need development.
Speaking lessons can follow the usual pattern of preparation, presentation, practice,
evaluation, and extension. The teacher can use the preparation step to establish a context for the
speaking task (where, when, why, and with whom it will occur) and to initiate awareness of the
speaking skill to be targeted (asking for clarification, stressing key words, using reduced forms of
words). In presentation, the teacher can provide learners with a preproduction model that furthers
learner comprehension and helps them become more attentive observers of language use.
Practice involves learners in reproducing the targeted structure, usually in a controlled or highly
supported manner. Evaluation involves directing attention to the skill being examined and asking
learners to monitor and assess their own progress. Finally, extension consists of activities that ask
learners to use the strategy or skill in a different context or authentic communicative situation, or
to integrate use of the new skill or strategy with previously acquired ones
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